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1
Content available Port oil terminal operation cost optimization
EN
The operation model of a complex system changing its functional structure and its instantaneous operation costs during the variable at time operation states and linear programming are proposed to optimize the system operation process in order to get the system total operation cost minimal. The optimization method allowing to find the optimal values of the transient probabilities of the complex system operation process at the particular operation state that minimize the system total operation cost mean value under the assumption that the system conditional operation costs mean values at the particular operation states are fixed or in the safety state subset not worse than the critical safety state are presented. The procedure of finding the optimal mean value of system total operation cost for the fixed operation time or in the safety state subset not worse than the critical safety state are applied to the port oil terminal operation cost minimization.
EN
Intrusion and hold-up alarm systems (I&HAS) are part of electronic security systems. They are now installed in many facilities, including those classified as critical infrastructure. The variety of available alarm control panels and their configurations means that I&HAS are installed with the use of alarm control panels with various functional and diagnostic capabilities. In the process of operation of intrusion and hold-up alarm systems, maintenance actions are most often used when no damage has occurred. This is referred to as preventive maintenance. These activities are aimed at carrying out preventive maintenance that will reduce the likelihood of damage or deterioration of the system. An extension and also an evolution of preventive maintenance activities is the development of the eMaintenance concept. By implementing modern solutions in diagnosing intrusion and hold-up alarm systems and using advanced IT applications, it is possible to monitor them and manage the operational process in real-time with the possibility of observing the degradation of the I&HAS. This makes it possible to take action to prevent the transition to a state of partial fitness or unfitness. As a result of the analysis of the operation process of the intrusion and hold-up alarm systems, taking into account diagnostic information, a graph of relations occurring in the system was developed. Then, dependencies were determined to calculate the probabilities of the I&HAS being in a state of full ability, states of periodic service, states of partial ability, and a state of unfitness. The issues of modelling the operation process of intrusion and hold-up alarm systems presented by the authors make it possible to rationalize the intensity of periodic inspections. The result is an increase in the value of the readiness index of I&HAS, which is particularly important in the case of securing critical infrastructure facilities.
PL
Systemy Sygnalizacji Włamania i Napadu (SSWiN) wchodzą w skład elektronicznych systemów bezpieczeństwa. Są one obecnie instalowane w wielu obiektach, w tym także tych zaliczanych do infrastruktury krytycznej. Różnorodność dostępnych central alarmowych i ich konfiguracji powoduje, że instalowane są SSWiN z zastosowaniem central alarmowych o różnych możliwościach funkcjonalnych i diagnostycznych. W procesie eksploatacji systemów sygnalizacji włamania i napadu stosuje się najczęściej działania obsługowe podejmowane kiedy nie wystąpiło uszkodzenie. Jest to określane jako utrzymanie profilaktyczne. Działania te mają na celu przeprowadzanie obsług zapobiegawczych, które zmniejszą prawdopodobieństwo uszkodzenia lub pogorszania funkcjonowania systemu. Rozwinięciem a zarazem też ewolucją działań z zakresu utrzymania profilaktycznego jest opracowanie koncepcji eUtrzymania. Poprzez wdrażanie nowoczesnych rozwiązań w obszarze diagnozowania systemów sygnalizacji włamania i napadu oraz zastosowanie zaawansowanych aplikacji informatycznych możliwe jest ich monitorowane i zarządzanie procesem eksploatacyjnym w czasie rzeczywistym z możliwością obserwowania degradacji SSWiN. Umożliwia to podejmowanie działań zapobiegających przejściu do stanu częściowej zdatności czy niezdatności. W wyniku przeprowadzonej analizy procesu eksploatacji systemu sygnalizacji włamania i napadu z uwzględnieniem informacji diagnostycznych opracowano graf relacji zachodzących w systemie. Następnie wyznaczono zależności umożliwiające obliczanie wartości prawdopodobieństw przebywania SSWiN w stanie pełnej zdatności, stanach obsług okresowych, stanach częściowej zdatności i stanie niezdatności. Przedstawione przez autorów zagadnienia modelowania procesu eksploatacji systemów sygnalizacji włamania i napadu umożliwiają racjonalizację intensywności realizacji przeglądów okresowych. Efektem tego jest zwiększenie wartości wskaźnika gotowości SSWiN, co jest szczególnie istotne w przypadku zabezpieczania obiektów infrastruktury krytycznej.
PL
Opracowanie dotyczy wyznaczania gotowości technicznej samochodów eksploatowanych w systemie transportowym z oczekiwaniem na funkcjonowanie. W taki sposób eksploatowane są samochody w systemach likwidacji klęsk żywiołowych czy wojskowym. Wyznaczanie gotowości pojazdów według średniej liczby uszkodzeń bez uwzględnienia intensywności ich użytkowania oraz przebiegu od początku eksploatacji uniemożliwia dokładną ocenę gotowości technicznej poszczególnych pojazdów na daną chwilę. W artykule autor przedstawia próbę uzasadnienia tezy, że wyznaczanie gotowości operacyjnej pojazdów w szczególności eksploatowanych z oczekiwaniem, obejmując gotowość funkcjonalną i gotowość zadaniową, wymaga monitorowania uszkodzeń w czasie dla każdego eksploatowanego pojazdu z osobna.
EN
This paper is focused on determining the technical readiness of cars in a transport system scheduled to be operated. In this way, cars are used in natural or military disaster recovery systems. Determining the technical readiness according to the average number of defects without taking account of the intensity of using them and mileage at the beginning of operation preventsfrom making a detailed assessment of the technical readiness of particular cars up to date. This manuscript attempts to prove a thesis that determining the operational readiness of cars, especially those scheduled to be operated, including functional and task readiness, requires monitoring of damages in time separate for every car.
EN
The problem of evaluating the safety of critical infrastructures impacted by extreme operation and weather hazards is very important in the face of the climate changing. The model introduced in the chapter enables determining indicators describing safety and resilience of critical infrastructures with considering the impact of changing weather and operating conditions. The chapter also includes the safety and resilience indicators evaluation for an example of the real critical infrastructure which is the port oil piping transportation critical infrastructure.
EN
In this chapter the author presents a comprehensive model of a multi-component technical system aimed at simulating and optimizing its operation process. Among other things, the model postulates load-related dependencies between the system’s components and delayed repairs or replacements scheduled according to the components’ priorities, where delays result from limited maintenance personnel. During the last several decades researchers in the field of reliability theory constructed various maintenance models, more or less applicable to real systems. Many authors follow purely analytical approach which, due to restrictive assumptions adopted for the purpose of analytical tractability, results in limited applicability of the considered models. These assumptions include: mutually independent components, exponentially distributed time-to-failure and time-to-repair, repairs started immediately after failures or carried out in negligible time, etc. The model proposed here does not impose such limitations, because it is designed to use simulation rather than analytical methods for computing purposes. The following assumptions bring the model closer to reality in comparison with its counterparts from the literature: 1) components are mutually dependent, i.e. a component’s failure rate can depend of the states of some other components 2) after a repair a component can be “as good as new”, “as good as used” or “as good as old” (perfect, imperfect, or minimal repair) 3) if maintenance personnel is busy, newly failed components await repair in a priority queue, 4) the state of a component may be hidden and its failure can only be revealed by inspection. The chapter’s main result is a quite elaborate algorithm simulating the modeled system’s behavior over time. Examples are given how, based on the proposed model and the adopted maintenance policy, selected reliability-related parameters can be optimized by repeated simulation. Although computationally intensive, the simulation approach allows to find performance and reliability characteristics for systems whose complexity or way of functioning rule out the application of analytical methods.
EN
The article presents the possibility to control the real operation process of an arbitrary device installed in the marine power plant based on the four-state semi-Markov process, being the model of the process, which describes the transition process of operational states of the device (ek , k = 1, 2, 3, 4), and the transition process of its technical states (sl , l = 1, 2, 3). The operational states ek (k = 1, 2, 3, 4) have the following interpretation: e1 – active operation state resulting from the task performed by the device, e2 – state of ready-to-operate stop of the device, e3 – state of planned preventive service of the device, e4 – state of unplanned service of the device, forced by its damage. Whereas the interpretation of the technical states sl (l = 1, 2, 3) is as follows: s1 – state of full serviceability of the device, s2 – state of partial serviceability of the device, and s3 – state of unserviceability of the device. All these states are precisely defined for the ship main engine (SG). A hypothesis is proposed which justifies the use of this model to examine real state transitions in marine power plant device operation processes. The article shows the possibility to make operating decisions ensuring a rational course of the device operation process when the proposed model of this process and the dynamic programming method based on the Bellman’s principle of optimality are applied. The optimisation criterion adopted when making operating decisions is the expected profit to be gained as a result of functioning of the device in the time interval [τ0 , τm], being the sum of the expected profit gained in interval [τ0 , τ1 ] and to be gained in interval [τ1 , τm].
7
Content available Examination of the safety of a port oil terminal
EN
Modeling the safety of critical infrastructure free of outside impacts is presented, and basic safety indicators are defined. The safety of the port oil terminal critical infrastructure free of any outside impacts is examined based on critical infrastructure safety statistical data provided by the operators. Its safety function and other safety indicators are identified and predicted. Furthermore, the safety and resilience indicators for the critical infrastructure of the port oil terminal impacted by its operations are determined, and the results are compared to its indicators obtained without considering operation impacts
EN
The chapter focuses on safety examination of a technical system of a maritime ferry that is the component of a shipping critical infrastructure. The model of the critical infrastructure safety without considering outside impacts is applied to determination of the maritime ferry technical system safety indicators. The operation impact model on critical infrastructure safety is created and applied to safety and resilience analysis of this system. The safety and resilience indicators are determined for this system under the assumption that its components’ safety functions are piecewise exponential. The comparison of the maritime ferry technical system safety indicators without considering outside impacts with indicators considering its operation impact is done.
9
EN
This chapter presents safety analysis of the crude oil transfer system that considers both its operation process and the human factor. The system’s safety is highly influenced by tasks performed during the crude oil transfer process, thus, its conditional safety characteristics are determined for individual operational states, which correspond to performed tasks. Moreover, human error and mistakes during the transhipment operations at the terminal can significantly affect the process’ safety. In light of this, the paper proposes an approach that allows for inclusion of the human factor in the system’s safety analysis. Finally, the unconditional safety characteristics for the system are determined. Specifically, the mean values in safety states and safety states' subsets are compared when the human factor is both included and excluded. Results are presented for a crude oil transfer system consisting of one transhipment line and four transhipment lines.
EN
The chapter presents reliability analysis of the piping fuel transportation system with a multistate approach and with parallel-series structure including process operation impact. A model of operation process is presented based on evaluated expert data and estimated parameters. The most important reliability characteristics are analysed for the fuel transportation system and its components for example lifetimes, damage intensities, reliability functions or risk functions. The influence of process operation on the system aging was shown by comparing the fuel transportation system without the operation process and including operating conditions. A method of optimizing the reliability of such system is also presented by changing the initial parameters of the operation process.
EN
The paper focuses on a critical infrastructure reliability and resilience to its operation process and particularly is devoted to critical infrastructure reliability and resilience indicators. First, the model of critical infrastructure reliability without considering outside impacts is proposed and applied to determine the port oil terminal reliability indicators. In the next step, the operation impact model of critical infrastructure reliability is created and applied to reliability and resilience analysis of the port oil terminal. The comparison of the port oil terminal critical infrastructure reliability indicators without considering outside impacts with indicators considering impact of its operation process is performed. A significant influence of the operation process on the port oil terminal reliability is proved.
PL
Artykuł koncentruje się na niezawodności i odporności infrastruktury krytycznej w procesie eksploatacji, proponując wskaźniki niezawodności i odporności tej infrastruktury. Najpierw zaproponowano model niezawodności infrastruktury krytycznej bez uwzględnienia oddziaływań zewnętrznych oraz zastosowano go do wyznaczenia wskaźników niezawodności portowej bazy paliw. Następnie utworzono model wpływu eksploatacji oraz zastosowano go do analizy niezawodności i odporności portowego terminala transportu paliwa. Porównano wskaźniki niezawodności infrastruktury krytycznej terminala bez uwzględnienia wpływów zewnętrznych ze wskaźnikami uwzględniającymi wpływ jej procesu eksploatacji. Wykazano istotny wpływ procesu eksploatacji na niezawodność portowego terminala transportu paliwa.
EN
The study presents an analysis of the operation process of elements of a system for electrical energy transformation in natural conditions of their usage. The research object is a system of HV and MV distribution transformer operation. The method of construction and an example of the Markov operation process have been presented for the analyzed technical objects. The model of the operation process was built on the basis of analysis of spatial states and events involved in operation of the analyzed technical objects. An average lifetime of the analyzed technical system was determined for assumptions accepted for a stochastic process which is a mathematical model of the distribution transformer operation process.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono analizę procesu eksploatacji elementów systemu transformacji energii elektrycznej w naturalnych warunkach ich użytkowania. Przedmiotem badań jest układ pracy transformatorów rozdzielczych wysokiego i średniego napięcia. Przedstawiono metodę budowy oraz przykład procesu eksploatacji Markowa dla analizowanych obiektów technicznych. Model procesu eksploatacji został zbudowany na podstawie analizy stanów przestrzennych i zdarzeń związanych z eksploatacją analizowanych obiektów technicznych. Wyznaczono średni czas życia analizowanego system technicznego, biorąc pod uwagę założenia przyjęte dla procesu stochastycznego, który jest modelem matematycznym procesu eksploatacji transformatorów rozdzielczych.
EN
The paper describes the problem of crude oil transfer in a port oil terminal and includes the safety analysis of this operation and analysis of potential causes and possible scenarios of oil spill events in a port terminal. The operation process of crude oil transfer is described and its statistical identification is given. The reliability and availability analysis of the system of crude oil transfer in a port terminal is performed. Moreover, analysis of crude oil transfer process taking into account the human factor is provided. The Fault Tree Analysis and sensitivity analysis for oil spill event in a port terminal is proposed to identify and analyse potential causes and possible scenarios of oil spill. Introducing methods for the prevention of oil spills, special attention is paid to safety procedures during liquid cargo transfer. Technical solutions used in oil terminals are described and recommendation regarding the Emergency Shutdown System are given. Additionally, associated safety systems, such as surge relief system, are described. Emphasizing the role of human factor in the process of crude oil transfer and its safety, trainings on the Liquid Cargo Handling Simulator are proposed to improve skills and knowledge of personnel on board and ashore.
EN
In literature it is believed that the dual price of water is an objective premise for shaping the market price of water. However, the authors note that a single vector of dual prices in the distribution of water, when ambiguous, should not become the basis for making decisions both regulating the price of water and affecting the procedures for modernizing the water supply network. This work cautions water management engineers not to duplicate common software errors and indicates how, despite the complete lack of literature tips, the technical problems encountered could be practically solved. The linear dependence of the row vectors of the left-hand parameters of binding constraints in the linear programming model for water consumption is identified here as the reason for the ambiguity of dual price vectors. This ambiguity in the issues of water distribution requires shaping alternative technical scenarios allowing for a variant selection of the method for modifying the water abstraction system. Therefore, the principles for determining the proportionality of simultaneous changes in certain parameters of the right-hand conditions of constraint conditions are described. These principles for the optimal selection of the most productive vectors for the parametric linear programming method were formulated and indicated on a simplified model of water distribution. The methodology developed in the work enables, among others, generating alternative technical scenarios for saving varying amounts of water, resulting in various financial savings.
PL
W literaturze uważa się, że cena dualna wody jest obiektywną przesłanką do kształtowania rynkowej ceny wody. Jednak autorzy zauważają, że pojedynczy wektor cen dualnych w dystrybucji wody, gdy jest niejednoznaczny, nie powinien stać się podstawą do podejmowania decyzji zarówno normującej cenę wody jak i wpływającej na procedury modernizujące sieć wodociągową. Praca uczula inżynierów gospodarki wodnej by nie powielali powszechnych błędów oprogramowania oraz wskazuje jak, pomimo kompletnego braku literaturowych wskazówek, praktycznie rozwiązywać napotykane problemy techniczne. Liniowa zależność wektorów wierszowych parametrów lewych stron wiążących warunków ograniczających w modelu programowania liniowego dla zużycia wody identyfikowana jest tu jako przyczyna niejednoznaczności wektorów cen dualnych. Ta niejednoznaczność w zagadnieniach dystrybucji wody wymaga kształtowania alternatywnych scenariuszy technicznych pozwalających na wariantowy wybór sposobu modyfikacji systemu poboru wody. Dlatego opisano zasady wyznaczania proporcjonalności jednoczesnych zmian niektórych parametrów prawych stron warunków ograniczających. Na uproszczonym modelu dystrybucji wody sformułowano i wskazano te zasady optymalnego doboru najbardziej produktywnych wektorów dla metody parametrycznego programowania liniowego. Opracowana w pracy metodyka umożliwia m.in. wygenerowanie alternatywnych scenariuszy technicznych oszczędzania różnej ilości wody, skutkującej różnymi oszczędnościami finansowymi.
15
Content available Problematics of reliability of road rollers
EN
This article refers to the reliability of road rollers used in a selected roadworks company. Information on the method of road rollers service and how the service affects the reliability of these rollers is presented. Attention was paid to the process of the implemented maintenance plan with regard to the machine's operational time. The reliability of road rollers was analyzed by determining and interpreting readiness coefficients.
EN
The paper presents a method of the GBNCIN operation and safety, with considering the climate-weather change process, safety optimization. Basic characteristics of the critical infrastructure operation process related to climateweather change process are shown. Then, optimal transient probabilities of the GBNCIN Operation Process at Operation States Related to Climate-Weather Change Process, and the GBNCIN optimal safety and resilience indicators, are introduced. By defining unconditional multistate safety function of the GBNCIN, and corresponding optimal risk function, the optimal coefficients of the operation process related to the climateweather change impact on the GBNCIN intensities of degradation, have been determined. Finally, optimal sojourn times of the GBNCIN operation process at operation states, related to climate-weather change process and operation strategy, are presented.
EN
The paper presents a method of the GBNCIN operation and safety, with considering the climate-weather change process, safety optimization. Basic characteristics of the critical infrastructure operation process related to climateweather change process are shown. Then, the GBNCIN operation cost related to climate-weather change is introduced. Furthermore, by analysis of the operation cost of the GBNCIN impacted by the operation process, related to the climate-weather change process, and its conditional safety functions, mean values of the total sojourn times at particular operation states during certain sufficiently large GBNCIN operation time are fixed. Finally, the GBNCIN operation cost related to climate-weather change minimization, and cost analysis of the GBNCIN operation impacted by climate-weather change, are presented.
EN
The paper is devoted the optimization of operation process and minimization of operation cost for Baltic Port and Shipping Critical Infrastructure Network (BPSCIN) at variable operation conditions related to the climateweather change. For this network, the optimal transient probabilities that minimize the mean value of the total operation costs are found. Finally, cost analysis of BPSCIN operation impacted by climate-weather change is presented in case the BPSCIN is non-repairable and in case it is repairable after exceeding its critical safety state.
EN
The paper is devoted the optimization of operation process and maximization of safety lifetimes for Baltic Port and Shipping Critical Infrastructure Network (BPSCIN) at variable operation conditions related to the climateweather change. For this network, the optimal transient probabilities of BPSCIN operation process at operation states related to climate-weather change that maximize the mean value of BPSCIN safety lifetimes are found. Finally, the optimal safety and resilience indicators of considered network are presented.
EN
The general model of a critical infrastructure changing its safety structure, its components safety parameters and its operation cost during the variable operation process and linear programming are applied to optimize the critical infrastructure operation process in order to get the critical infrastructure operation cost optimal value. The optimization problem allowing to find the optimal values of the transient probabilities of the critical infrastructure operation process at the particular operation states that minimize the critical infrastructure operation cost mean value in the safety states subset not worse than a critical safety state is presented. The optimization of operation cost of the critical infrastructure is proposed with considering climate-weather change process influence on the system safety.
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