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EN
To explore the application of cold-formed thin-walled steel-paper straw board(CTSPSB) composite wall in practical engineering and further meet people’s living requirements, it was proposed to open holes in the composite wall to simulate the doors and windows in practical applications. Two composite wall specimens were tested to study the shear performance of the CTSPSB composite wall. Through the analysis of specimens’ damage forms and experimental data, the characteristic values of bearing capacity and lateral stiffness were obtained. And then, the model of the composite wall was built by ANSYS, and finite element analysis (FEA) results were consistent with the experimental results, which could verify the feasibility of the finite element model. Moreover, the model needed to open holes and extensive parameter analysis was carried out. The FEA results indicate the most reasonable distance between screws around the opening is 150 mm; the most suitable spacing between the small studs is 400 mm; the position of the opening has the least influence on the shear performance, and the difference between the results of the five groups of models is within 5%; while the width of the opening has the greatest impact on the shear performance. Compared with the wall without opening, the bearing capacity of the wall with an opening width of 600 mm, 1200 mm and 1800 mm decreases by 38%, 46% and 52% respectively. Besides, the calculation formula of shear capacity of CTSPSB composite wall with openings was improved, which could be used as experience for practical engineering.
2
PL
Stropy prefabrykowane zyskują coraz większą popularność we współczesnym budownictwie, przede wszystkim z uwagi na ich szybką realizację. Jednakże zapisy norm dotyczących projektowania stropów są często niejednoznaczne, a czasami wątpliwe. W artykule omówiono wybrane zagadnienia projektowania stropów z płyt kanałowych, które często sprawiają problemy w praktyce projektowej, podając odwołania do odpowiednich badań naukowych w tym zakresie. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono zasadom dystrybucji obciążenia skupionego na sąsiednie płyty w polu stropowym, wykonywania otworów w stropach, zagadnieniom podparcia stropu oraz uwzględniania tarczowej pracy płyty stropowej.
EN
Precast floors are gaining more and more popularity in modern construction, mainly due to their fast realization. However, the provisions of standards regarding floor design are often ambiguous and sometimes questionable. The article discusses selected issues of HC slabs design, which often pose problems in practice, with references to relevant scientific research in this field. Particular attention was paid to the principles of distribution of the concentrated load on adjacent slabs in the floor field, openings in the floors, support conditions and taking into account the slab function as an element of a floor.
EN
To gain deep insights into the reinforcement effect of weak inclusions on jointed rock masses containing an opening, natural sandstone specimens containing multiple non-persistent joints and an opening were prepared, and two different cases, unfilled and filled openings, were considered. Digital image correlation (DIC) was applied to characterize the deformation fields of specimens during loading. Two measures extended from the DIC, the displacement vector and multivariate measure of strain dispersion, were proposed to identify and quantitatively analyze the cracking mechanism. Weak inclusions were found to improve the mechanical properties. The displacement vector fields around the newly formed cracks were calculated, and then, four types of cracks were recognized: direct tensile cracks, relative tensile cracks, shear cracks, and mixed cracks. Based on the fracture nature of cracks, nine types of crack coalescence among joints and six categories between openings and joints were summarized. The influence of weak inclusions on the cracking behavior of jointed sandstones was further clarified. Many more cracks were detected in the specimens containing a filled opening, which was validated by the fractal dimensions of the ultimate fracture surfaces. The differentiation rate of the effective variance (DREV) was defined to describe the dispersion of full-field strain data. The DREV was extremely close to 0 at the initial compacting and elastic deformation stage and then exhibited anomalous responses to cracking events. The first peak in the DREV–strain curve represents crack initiation, which can be regarded as a precursor.
EN
Different techniques were employed for the passage of different utilities through structural elements. The reduction of the overall building weight was the main concern that needs to be achieved, especially for a multistory building. It can be done with the eliminating of a suspended ceiling with a portion of the beam’s weight by taking the advantages of the hollow sections. In this study, an equivalent reinforcement to the traditional ribbed reinforcement was employed to fabricate a reinforced concrete (RC) beam with a hollow section along the length of the beam. A steel pipe was used based on the equivalent moment from section analysis. Two diameters were selected of steel pipes as an equivalent to the commercial reinforcement. A total of four RC beams were cast and tested, two of them with traditional reinforcement and the other with steel pipe reinforcement. The comparison showed a promising result in terms of ductility, cracking pattern, ultimate strength, and mode of failure compared to the reference beam. The peak loads for the specimens with steel pipe were 160.6 kN and 184 kN, while they were 192 kN and 203.5 kN for the beams with traditional reinforcement.
PL
W artykule opisano wyniki badań ścian wzniesionych z bloczków z ABK (autoklawizowany beton komórkowy) w skali naturalnej, ściskanych w płaszczyźnie ściany. Badaniu poddano dwie serie badawcze. W serii pierwszej badano 4 ściany bez wypełnionych spoin pionowych, a w serii drugiej 4 ściany z wypełnionymi spoinami pionowymi. W każdej serii badano dwie ściany bez otworu i dwie z otworem. Stosowano typowe prefabrykowane nadproża. Wykazano, że ściany z otworami cechują się nośnością i rysoodpornością mniejszą o nawet 2/3 w porównaniu do nośności i rysoodporności ściany pełnej. Nie stwierdzono istotnego wpływu wypełnienia spoin pionowych na uzyskane wyniki sił rysujących i niszczących zarówno w ścianach pełnych, jak i z otworem.
EN
The paper describes the results of tests of walls erected from AAC blocks (autoclaved aerated concrete) in a full scale, subjected to compression in the wall plane. Two research series were tested. In the first series, 4 walls with non-filled vertical joints were tested, and in the second series 4 walls with filled vertical joints were tested. In each series two walls without an opening and two with an opening were tested. Typical prefabricated lintels were used. It has been shown that the walls with openings have a load-bearing capacity and a crack resistance lower up to 2/3 the load-bearing capacity and crack resistance of a wall without opening. There was no significant influence of filling vertical joints on the obtained results of crack and destructive forces in all of tested walls.
PL
Omówiono wpływ otworów w strefach podporowych na nośność na przebicie płyt płaskich w świetle badań eksperymentalnych. Przedstawiono wyniki badań modeli płyt z otworami o różnym kształcie i położeniu względem słupa. Stwierdzono, że otwory w płytach stropowych w strefach podporowych mogą wpływać w istotny sposób na ich nośność na przebicie. Na podstawie wyników badań podano zalecenia praktyczne, omawiając zmiany nośności płyt wynikające z różnego ukształtowania otworów.
EN
In the paper the effect of openings in the support zones on the load carrying capacity of flat slabs in the light of previous experimental investigations was discussed. The results of the test on specimens representing flat slabs with openings of various shape and location with respect to the column were presented. It was found that openings in the support zones can have a significant effect on punching shear carrying capacity. Based on the results of the experiments, practical recommendations were indicated and the changes in the load capacity resulting from the different arrangement of the openings were discussed.
7
Content available Belki z okrągłymi otworami. Cz.2
PL
Celem artykułu jest porównanie różnych sposobów analizy nośności belki stalowej z otworami okrągłymi w aspekcie projektowania konstrukcji. Zwrócono uwagę na model zniszczenia związany z mechanizmem Vierendeela oraz utratą stateczności słupka międzyotworowego. W pierwszym modelu porównano trzy metody analizy, a drugim dwie. Otrzymane wyniki metod porównano z wynikami MES dla dwóch zestawów belek – belek ażurowych i z pojedynczymi otworami.
EN
Second part of this article shows known ways to analyze web-post buckling of steel beams with circular openings. Theoretical methods of analyzing such beam capacity were compared with results of FEM for two types of beams – cellular beams and beams with single openings.
8
Content available remote An Investigation on the Performance of Modified Coir Spinning Machine
EN
Coir fibre is a non-conventional fibre extracted from the husk of coconut fruit and is abundantly available in tropical countries. Coir yarn is produced in the decentralised cottage industry. Increase in the demand for the coir fibre yarns for value-added applications has forced the coir yarn manufacturers to improve the existing coir spinning machine in different ways. In this study, the working principle of the existing coir spinning machine has been studied from the perspective of further improvements in production rate, yarn quality and spinning performance. Modifications have been made in the existing coir spinning machine in fibre feeding, opening and cleaning. There is improvement in the production rate of up to 20% with significant improvements in the yarn quality and spinning performance.
PL
W artykule zamieszczono rezultaty badań ścian z autoklawizowanego betonu komórkowego (ABK) w skali naturalnej. Ściany wzniesiono z bloczków o grubości 18 cm na cienkie spoiny. Badano ściany zbrojone i niezbrojone. Jako zbrojenie zastosowano siatki bazaltowe oraz typowe zbrojenie stalowe w postaci kratowniczki. Ściany poddano obciążeniom ściskającym. Obciążenie przykładano przez żelbetową belkę imitującą wieniec. Analizowano wpływ otworu na zachowanie się ścian zbrojonych i niezbrojonych. Wykazano, że zbrojenie ma istotny wpływ na ich nośność. W artykule opisano modele badawcze i stanowisko do badań. Natomiast w jego części drugiej, która ukaże się w następnym wydaniu, opublikowane zostaną wyniki badań.
EN
The paper describes the results of testing Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) walls on a full scale. The walls were made of 18 cm wide blocks and thin layer joints. Reinforced and non reinforced walls were tested. Basalt grids and typical steel reinforcement (truss type) were used as reinforcements. The walls were subjected to compressive loads. The load was applied by a reinforced concrete rim beam. The impact of the opening (window) on stress distribution and the load capacity of the wall was analysed. It was shown that reinforcement has a significant impact on the load-bearing capacity of the walls. The first part of the article describes research models and test stand. The second part will included research results.
10
Content available Belki z okrągłymi otworami. Cz.1
PL
Celem artykułu jest porównanie różnych sposobów analizy nośności belki stalowej z otworami okrągłymi w aspekcie projektowania konstrukcji. Zwrócono uwagę na model zniszczenia związany z mechanizmem Vierendeela oraz utratą stateczności słupka międzyotworowego. W pierwszym modelu porównano trzy metody analizy, a drugim dwie. Otrzymane wyniki metod porównano z wynikami MES dla dwóch zestawów belek – belek ażurowych i z pojedynczymi otworami.
EN
The purpose of this article is comparison of varies ways of analyzing capacity of a steel beam with circular openings in terms of designing construction. Attention was paid to a failure model related to Vierendeel mechanism and web-post buckling. First model was compared to three methods of analysis and the second one to two. Given method results were compared with results of FEM for two groups of beams – cellular beams and beams with single openings.
11
EN
Regarding high ductility and potential of steel plate shear walls in energy absorption, they are required to be very thin in thickness especially in upper floors of the building in order to resist lateral loads and sometimes it will reach to a fraction of millimeter in calculations. Since preparation of such thin steel plates is not simply possible, a thicker plate with an opening can be used to reduce stiffness. On the other hand, the existence of opening is inevitable due to architectural considerations such as lighting. In the present paper, shear strength of steel plate shear wall with openings in different zones has been studied by finite element method. As a result, an empirical simple dimensionless equation has been presented to estimate accurately the amount of decrease of shear strength of the wall with an arbitrary opening position in any zone of the plate. To validate the accuracy of suggested relation, numerous finite element models have been simulated with different geometric properties such as shape, diameter, location of opening, thickness and span to height ratio of plate. Comparing results with that of suggested relation and corresponding values of theoretic relations shows the accuracy of the proposed relation for applying in a wide range of steel plate shear walls with different geometric specifications.
EN
Generally, in many cases of rock engineering, the openings often constructed in rock-mass containing non-persistent joints. However, comparing with the previous works, few studies investigate the failure or damage due to the crack propagation and coalescence around an opening. Based on the uniaxial compression tests and particle flow code (PFC) the interaction effect of opening and joints on the crack coalescence behavior around an opening are investigated in this study. From the view of experimental and numerical results, strength parameters are mainly effected by joints (inclination and distance). Specifically, the uniaxial compressive strength of jointed specimen (UCSJ) and elastic modulus of jointed specimen (EJ) of specimens decrease for 0° ≤ α ≤ 45° and increase for α > 45°. UCSJ and EJ increases with increasing joint distance (d) for all joint inclination angel (α) values, with the highest and lowest strengths obtained for d = 50 mm and d = 20 mm, respectively. The opening has a great influence on the failure mode of jointed specimen. Unlike previous results, in this study, jointed specimens present four new kinds of failure modes: Mode-I (horizontally symmetrical splitting failure); Mode-II (stepped failure at opening sides); Mode-III (failure through a plane); Mode-IV (mixed failure). The strength parameters and failure modes in the numerically simulated and experimental results are in good agreement, and the results are expected to be useful in predicting the stability of an opening in a non-persistently jointed mass.
13
PL
Zaprezentowano wybrane zagadnienia wykonania otworów w sklepieniach ceglanych dla przewodów inżynierii sanitarnej. Sklepienie zostało przebadane za pomocą symulacji MES w celu określenia jego stanu naprężeń. Został określony optymalny, czyli najmniej inwazyjny sposób kreowania otworów w sklepieniu. Otwór powinien przecinać sklepienie równolegle do trajektorii głównych naprężeń ściskających, minimalizując kierunek poprzeczny do tych linii.
EN
The article presents selected hole drilling concepts in case of barrel vaults for sanitary engineering. The vault was tested using the finite element method (FEM simulation) to determine its stress state. We determined optimal, the least invasive way of creating holes in the vault. The opening should intersect the vault parallel to the trajectory of the major compressive stresses, minimizing the transverse direction to these lines.
14
Content available remote Wzmocnienie sklepień ceglanych osłabionych otworami
PL
W artykule omówiono zagadnienia dotyczące prawidłowego kształtowania otworów w ceglanych sklepieniach na przykładzie istniejącego budynku w Petersburgu (Rosja). Przed wykonaniem wzmocnień przeprowadzono analizy trajektorii naprężeń MES za pomocą programu ABAQUS.
EN
In the article the problem of proper position of openings in brick masonry vaults was described based on building example in Petersburg (Russia). Before reinforcing of structure, FEM analyzes were made with ABAQUS software.
PL
W polskich przepisach budowlanych na ogół dopuszcza się, aby klasa odporności ogniowej zamknięcia występującego w danej przegrodzie była o połowę mniejsza niż klasa odporności ogniowej przegrody. Z punktu widzenia ogólnych zasad bezpieczeństwa pożarowego tego typu zapisy uznać należy za co najmniej kontrowersyjne. W artykule omówiono konkretne przepisy budowlane zezwalające na stosowanie mniejszej klasy odporności ogniowej zamknięcia otworu niż przegrody, w której otwór występuje oraz problemy mogące wynikać z zastosowania tego typu konstrukcji w budynkach. W opinii autorów stosowanie tego typu rozwiązań powoduje znaczny spadek poziomu bezpieczeństwa pożarowego w obiektach budowanych w Polsce.
EN
In many paragraphs of polish building regulation it is permitted to made a fire doors with a fire classification of a half lower than the classification of partition in which they are installed. From the general principles of fire safety point of view, the records of this type should be regarded as at least controversial.This article presents a specific building regulations authorizing the use of a lower fire resistance class for the closing element then the fire resistance class of the partition in which the closure appears. Moreover problems which may occurs due to this phenomenon were discussed. In the authors' opinion, the use of solutions of this type causes a significant decrease in the level of fire safety in buildings in Poland.
PL
W pracy dokonano analizy zmian grubości materiałów stosowanych do wytwarzania zbiorników ciśnieniowych w zależności od ich kształtu i wymiarów oraz ciśnienia roboczego. Obliczeń dokonano na podstawie formuły przygotowanej na bazie wytycznych WUDT/UC/2003. Zaprezentowano wpływ długości, średnicy, ciśnienia oraz zmiany wymiarów zbiornika na grubość ścianki. Porównano różne rozwiązania konstrukcyjne dennic oraz określono wpływ geometrii dna wypukłego na grubość jego ścianki. Podano wytyczne kontroli stateczności projektowanego zbiornika poziomego.
EN
In this paper analysis of changes in thickness of materials used in manufacture of pressure vessels based on their shape, size and applied pressure are made. Calculations were made on the basis of prepared analytical formula according to guidelines WUDT/UC/2003. Influence of length, diameter, pressure and changes in dimensions of wall thickness of tank are presented. Different heads designs are compered and influence of dished head geometry on wall thickness are determined. Guidance of stability control of designed horizontal pressure vessel are provided.
17
PL
W artykule przedstawiono problematykę projektowania zbiorników ciśnieniowych osłabionych otworami w świetle przepisów WUDT/UC/2003. Scharakteryzowano współczynnik osłabienia otworami w zależności od sposobu rozmieszczenia łączników na płaszczu lub dennicy zbiornika. Obliczono współczynniki osłabienia mostkami wzdłużnymi, obwodowymi i skośnymi części walcowej zbiornika. Dokonano analizy współczynników wytrzymałościowych dla wybranych przypadków konstrukcyjnych. Przeprowadzono obliczenia współczynnika osłabienia włazami rewizyjnymi i wyczystkami w części walcowej zbiornika. Określono wpływ osłabienia otworami den wypukłych i płaskich na grubość ich ścianki. Zaprezentowano wytyczne wzmacniania króćców w części walcowej i dennicy zbiornika ciśnieniowego.
EN
In this paper issues of designing of pressure vessels weakened by openings in light of WUDT/UC/2003 regulations are presented. Openings weakening coefficient depending on nozzle spacing on vessel shell or head is characterized. Weakening coefficients for longitudinal, circumferential and oblique patterns of cylindrical part of tank are calculated. Analysis of strength reduction coefficients for selected cases of construction is made. Calculation of weakening coefficient for manholes and inspection handholes in tank shell were carried out. Influence of weakening by openings in dished and flat head on the thickness of its walls are determined. Guidelines of nozzle reinforcement in cylindrical part and head of pressure vessel are presented.
18
Content available remote Wzmocnienia kompozytowe otworów w żelbetowych ścianach zbiorników
PL
W artykule przedstawiono możliwość zastosowania materiałów kompozytowych, na bazie włókien kompozytowych, do wzmacniania stref wokół otworów w ścianach żelbetowych. Rozważania przeprowadzono na podstawie własnych doświadczeń inżynierskich z tego typu wzmocnieniami, a także własnych badań doświadczalnych wykonanych na tarczach żelbetowych.
EN
This paper presents possibilities of the application of composite materials, based on composite fibers for strengthening the areas near by openings in reinforced concrete walls. The analysis was conducted on the basis of the own engineering experiences concerning such type strengthening and on the basis of the experiments performed on three reinforced concrete deep beams.
19
Content available Oczyszczalnia Ścieków „Czajka”. Nowe otwarcie
PL
Po modernizacji i rozbudowie „Czajka” jest jedną z największych i najnowocześniejszych oczyszczalni ścieków w Europie. Zaawansowany proces technologiczny zastosowany w zakładzie zyskał uznanie specjalistów w kraju i na świecie, a woda odprowadzana do Wisły jest czystsza od tej, która płynie w rzece.
EN
The modernized and expanded „Czajka” plant is one of the largest state-of-the-art waste treatment plants in Europe. The technological process used in the plant has been met with acclaim of experts in Poland and abroad, and the water released by the plant into the Vistula River is cleaner than the river itself.
EN
This investigation is carried out to evaluate the repair and strengthening the techniques of elliptical paraboloid reinforced concrete shells with openings. An experimental program of several different techniques in repair and strengthening is executed. The materials, which are considered for strengthening, are; Glass fiber reinforced polymers GFRP at different position of the shell bottom surface, steel strip and external tie. They loaded by four concentrated loads affected on the corners of the opening. The initial and failure loads as well as the crack propagation for the tested shells at different loading stages, defl ections and failure load for repaired and shells are recorded. A non-linear computer program based on finite element techniques is used to study the behavior of these types of shells. Geometric and materials nonlinearities are considered in the analysis. The efficiency and accuracy of computer program are verifi ed by comparing the program results with those obtained experimentally for the control shell with opening and strengthened shells.
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