integrating these measurements with distinct features of the diagnostic method and fusing differential coding with traditional lossless compression techniques (like Huffman and dictionary coding), a potent measurement compression algorithm was developed. This algorithm subsequently found application in railway track diagnostics. The primary objective of this article is to illustrate this algorithm's efficiency and benchmark its advantages against other compression techniques. Subsequently, the paper delineates the design of a system tailored for collating operational data and evaluating the reliability and safety of railway automation systems. This concept was actualized under the auspices of a project sponsored by the National Center for Research and Development, PBS3/A6/29/2015. A spotlight will be thrown on the software that acts as an integrative tool, assimilating data from various systems. In its final segments, the article discusses the initiative to harness open systems, premised on the PN-EN 50159:2011 standard, to bolster the safety standards of railway transportation. The first one resulted from the maximum train speed, the second one is the variety of rolling stock used on this line (compartmental and non-compartmental wagons). The part of research concerning collection of measurement material was performed within the framework of completed research work PBS3/A6/29/2015. As a result of conducted in-depth literature analysis as well as performed measurements and calculations, it allowed to develop a model and software for simulating system operation in real conditions. A prototype of this system, accompanied by select research outcomes from railway routes, will be laid out. Ultimately, the article seeks to emphasize the significance of diverse research endeavors that hold the potential to directly enhance the safety and operational efficiency of railway transport.

railway infrastructure means not only stations, modern rolling stock, but also safe and reliable train control systems based on the latest telecommunications and information technologies. For a longer time, radio communication based on the GSM-R (GSM for Railways) standard is being introduced on PKP. For this purpose, dedicated infrastructure is being built in order to use this technology for railway traffic. This is associated with huge investment costs. Since the beginning of its existence, research has been conducted worldwide on the use of LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology for conducting railway traffic. For economic and technological reasons, it is necessary to study other possibilities of using modern telecommunications infrastructure not yet dedicated to railway tasks in these open networks. The article will present research on the use of open radio communication network based on LTE standard for rail traffic and passenger comfort. It will discuss the research method and selected results of measurements made on railway line no. 4. The choice of this railway line was dictated by two factors. The first one resulted from the maximum train speed, the second one is the variety of rolling stock used on this line (compartmental and non-compartmental wagons). The part of research concerning collection of measurement material was performed within the framework of completed research work PBS3/A6/29/2015. As a result of conducted in-depth literature analysis as well as performed measurements and calculations, it allowed to develop a model and software for simulating system operation in real conditions. This system allows to send railway telegrams on appropriate safety level defined in standardization documents. The research proved the possibility of using an open system in the LTE standard for the transmission of signals for railway traffic control and passengers while maintaining an appropriate level of safety. The only limitations which were indicated by the tests are improper radio interface coverage of railway lines. Appropriate planning of radio coverage of railway areas by radio communication operators (so far ignored) with proper cooperation of infrastructure manager can lead to launching efficient communication system without necessity to build specialized infrastructure for railway.

systems are systems which are not isolated systems, i. e. systems which exchange as well as the mass (molecules) and any other form of energy with surroundings. The energy delivered to the system from its surroundings is dissipated into new structures. These structures are called dissipative structures or shortly: patterns. In particularly soil-plant systems exchange both energy and matter with their surroundings and are consequently examples of open biological systems. They should therefore tend towards a steady state described by non-equilibrium thermodynamics and characterized by minimum production entropy. In this paper we study the principle of minimum entropy production for diffusion and heat transfer in open systems. The general formulae and exemplary values of entropy production for diffusion and heat transfer for any substances involving particular boundary conditions are obtained.

otwarte rozumiemy układy, które nie są układami izolowanymi, tzn. układy, które wymieniają z otoczeniem masę (cząstki) i inne formy energii. Energia wymieniana z otoczeniem jest dyssypowana na nową strukturę. Takie struktury powstałe w układach otwartych nazywa się strukturami dyssypatywnymi lub krótko patterns. W szczególności rośliny wymieniają z otoczeniem energię i masę i są w konsekwencji przykładami otwartych układów biologicznych. Zatem wykazują tendencję do nierównowagi termodynamicznej i dążą do stanu minimum produkcji entropii. W niniejszym artykule badamy zasadę minimum produkcji entropii dla procesu dyfuzji i przewodnictwa cieplnego w układach otwartych. Uzyskujemy ogólne formuły i przykładowe wartości produkcji entropii w układach otwartych dla procesu dyfuzji i przewodnictwa cieplnego dla dowolnych substancji przy spełnieniu pewnych szczególnych warunków brzegowych.

obtained for the mutually opposite processes, for example in open systems solid body -its gaseous neighbourhood. The mutually opposite processes are defined as the processes proceeding in the some temperature ranges but in the opposite directions fig.2. It is proved that the summary increments of an entropy are for a cooling higher than in case of a heating, additionally their difference growth with the growth of a temperature range. It is introduced the concept of the relative increment of en entropy for the mutually opposite processes, which could have the significance for a industry.

the development of safety culture to workers within an organisation. This paper describes a large-scale survey-based study in which the factors influencing the evolution of safety culture are identified empirically and, drawing upon open systems theory, are also extended beyond the bounds of the organisation. Three major determinants of safety culture are identified: safety concerns, influences and actions. Sub-components within each of these categories are also identified and the relationship between them is hypothesised.

application and possible development directions will be also indicated.

rozpoznawczy i są ograniczone do elementarnego przykładu.

investigations are of reconnaissance character and are limited to an elementary example

otwarty, niezależny od infrastruktury sprzętowej.

platform, tuning into the open solution by using new information technology achievements.