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EN
The first autonomous car was developed in the 1980s, but it wasn't until the early 2010s that the technology began to gain significant attention and investment. In 2010, Google began testing self-driving cars on public roads, and since then, many other companies have joined the race to develop fully autonomous vehicles. Hybrid PVT (Photovoltaic Thermal) heat exchangers cooled with mini-channels find application in autonomous vehicles as a solution that enables efficient cooling of the vehicle's electronics and batteries. The solution involves using photovoltaic panels to generate electricity and removing the heat produced during the process using mini-channels is removed by mini-channels. Hybrid PVT heat exchangers cooled with mini-channels can help maintain appropriate temperatures inside autonomous vehicles that generate large amounts of heat from electronic systems and sensors. The setup can improve the performance and reliability of autonomous systems, increase energy efficiency, and reduce energy demands. The experimental setup includes two parallel mini-channel systems separated by a smooth copper plate. The study aims to determine local heat-transfer coefficients, with a cooled solar cell efficiency range of 10% to 14% compared to other research. The cooled PV temperature range achieved was from 19.6 to 22.4 degrees Celsius, which is favorable for photovoltaic panels' operation under approximate light intensity for Poland's latitude. Heat-transfer from hot surfaces to cold fluids is analyzed during single-phase convection using two calculation methods: one-dimensional and numerical simulations using Simcenter STAR CCM+. Cooling photovoltaic modules is critical for the photovoltaic and autonomous vehicle systems sector, making this research significant both theoretically and practically. The research and methods presented in the article on mini-channel cooling of photovoltaic systems and autonomous vehicle systems are innovative at a global scale, and are crucial for further development of sustainable energy systems and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
PL
Minimalizacja strat powodziowych jest uzależniona od właściwego wyznaczenia zasięgu stref zalewowych, co wymaga opracowania modelu hydraulicznego w programie MIKE FLOOD. Przygotowanie danych wejściowych do modelu przeprowadza się w programach GIS. Jednym z powszechnie wykorzystywanych programów jest ArcGIS Desktop firmy ESRI. W artykule omówiono wybrane funkcje i narzędzia programu ArcGIS Desktop niezbędne do budowy modelu hydraulicznego na przykładzie zlewni rzeki Kłodnicy oraz wizualizacji otrzymanych wyników w postaci map zagrożenia powodziowego.
EN
Flood losses minimization is dependent on proper determining the extent of flood hazard zones what requires the development of a hydraulic model by means of MIKE FLOOD application. Preparation of the input data for the model is carried out using GIS software. One of the programmes commonly used is ArcGIS Desktop by ESRI. In the article selected functions and tools of the ArcGIS Desktop programme were presented - the functions and tools which are necessary to prepare the hydraulic model and to visualize the obtained results as flood hazard zones.
EN
The article presents three original methods to determine the pore volume distribution as a function of radius. The simplest method consists in the use of one - dimensional model of building material porosity structure. The method can be used if evidence is not available. The second method is based on the cylindrical model of porosity structure. The method can also be used if evidence is not available. The last, most complicated and most accurate method to determine a pore volume distribution as a function of radius consists in the use of kinetics evidence of capillary rise.
4
Content available remote Jednowymiarowy model procesu zgrzewania.
PL
Opracowano model jednowymiarowy procesu zgrzewania rezystancyjnego w dwóch różnych wersjach: w oparciu o równania różnicowe i metodę elementów skończonych oraz oprogramowanie ANSYS. Przedstawiono wyniki w postaci rozkładu temperatury w różnych punktach obszaru zgrzewania. Analizowano wpływ parametrów materiałowych na przebieg procesu.
EN
One-dimensional model of the resistance welding process has been developed in two different versions, namely on the basis of difference equations and the finite elements method as well as basing oneself on the ANSYS software. The results are presented in the form of temperature distribution in different points of the welding area. The influence of material parameters on the process run has been analyzed.
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