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Characterization of Two Olive Mill Wastewater and Its Effect on Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Germination and Seedling Growth

El Kafz Ghizlane, Cherkaoui Essediya, Khamar Mohamed, Benradi Fatima, Nounah Abderrahman

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 11

207--217

EN

In Morocco, the olive industry produces a large quantity of olive mill wastewater (OMW) every year for a short period (November to February). The physicochemical properties and quantities of these effluents depend largely on the extraction system used. The aim of this study is to characterize these effluents for the purpose of evaluating their impact on Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) germination and seedling growth. For this purpose, a germination experiment was conducted, wherein 25 Fenugreek seeds were positioned on filter paper within Petri dishes. Subsequently, these seeds were subjected to varying concentrations of water sourced from two olive crushing processes: the Continuous System (OMW-CS) and the Semi-Modern System (OMW-SM) (0%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 7%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). The Petri dishes were then placed in an incubator set at 25 °C for a duration of 8 days. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed that both types of water had an acid pH and were rich in organic matter. The 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5) values were similar, while the chemical oxygen demand (COD) values were quite different. Microbiological analysis revealed that yeasts and fungi were the main constituents of the flora of these wastewaters, with no significant difference between the two types of OMW. However, the total number of aerobic mesophilic flora was higher for OMW-CS than for OMW-SM. Analysis of variance revealed a highly significant difference between OMW-CS concentrations (F = 2998.667; p <0.000) and OMW-SM (F = 2839.778; p <0.000). A minimal germination rate (30%) was recorded for OMW-CS at a concentration of 10%. For OMW-CS, total inhibition of germination was observed at concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, while for OMW-SM, this inhibition was recorded above a concentration of 2%.

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Application of Statistical Methods for the Comparative Study of the Degree of Pollution of Wastewater Collected from Three Olive Mills in Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima Region (Northern Morocco)

Es Saouini Hind, Bouzid Saida, Trankil Abdellah, Amharref Mina, Bernoussi Abd Samed

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 4

320--332

EN

Olive mill wastewaters represent a severe environmental problem, especially in Mediterranean countries. Indeed, the treatment and recovery processes developed so far remain very limited and their cost is very high. However, treatment by shallow evaporation ponds in the open air remains, until now, the most used technique despite the efforts made. The volume and characteristics of this liquid effluent depend, among other things, on the nature of the extraction process used. In this context, this work aims to evaluate the effect of the mode of trituration and storage in the evaporation ponds on the quality of olive oil mill wastewaters. These effluents were collected from three olive mills located in two different provinces in Northern Morocco during the 2021–2022 olive growing season. The sampling has considered different points according to different steps of the process. The analytical work corresponded to the measurement of in-situ parameters (Temperature (T°), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Electrical Conductivity (EC) and pH degree (pH)) and other laboratory analysis (Suspension Matter (SM), Dry Matter (DM), Fatty Matter (FM), biochemical (BOD5) and chemical (COD)demands in oxygen). Results showed a high degree of environmental degradation. Indeed, these effluents are characterized, on average, by elevated concentrations of biological and chemical oxygen demands and suspended solids reaching up to 0.43 g/L ± 0.87, 1.69 g/L ±0.71 and 30.78 g/L ±25.1, respectively. This study also showed, except for two-phase olive mill BNANDA, a slightly alkaline nature of the vegetable waters (7.813 m³) is very high considering its equivalence to domestic water. Normalized Principal Component Analysis (ACPN) and Hierarchical Principal Component Classification (HCPC) indicate that differences in the composition of this wastewater were more pronounced between the extraction processes than by the origins of the vegetable waters (fresh or stored in the natural evaporation pond).

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Study of the Phytotoxicity of Olive Mill Wastewater on Germination and Vegetative Growth – Case of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

El Kafz Ghizlane, Cherkaoui Essediya, Benradi Fatima, Khamar Mohamed, Nounah Abderrahman, Soukayna Azzouzi

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 5

265--274

EN

Olive mill wastewater (effluents from olive oil extraction during harvest) is a source of environmental pollution due to its high acidity and heavy loads of polyphenols and organics. Our aim is to study the phytotoxicity of olive mill wastewater (OMW) at different concentrations on the germination and growth of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.). To assess this, we measured the percentage of germination (GP), the germination inhibition rate (GIR), the length of the main stem, the number of leaves, and the biomass of the stem, leaves, and roots. The germination test was carried out by placing 25 tomato seeds on filter paper in Petri dishes and then irrigating with different concentrations of OMW (0%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 7%, 10%). The boxes were placed in an incubator at a temperature of 25 °C for 10 days. The results obtained show that, after 10 days of germination, the GP is maximal (more than 98%) at concentrations of less than 7% (r = -0.98; p<0.000) and with an “inhibitory” effect at more than 7% (r = +0.98; p<0.000). However, the growth in length (8.514±2.612 cm) and the number of leaves (4.667±0.866 leaves) were maximum, respectively, at 2% and 1%, after a period of 30 days. However, the dry weight is maximum (0.235±0.049 g) at 5% OMW, however, there is no significant difference in the fresh and dry weights of the stems and leaves for different concentrations. In light of these results, the OMW of crushing units using the continuous three-phase process could be used as an irrigation source at concentrations below 7%, for better tomato yield.

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A Review on Processes for Olive Mill Waste Water Treatment

Benaddi Rabia, Osmane Ahmed, Zidan Khadija, El Harfi Khalifa, Ouazzani Naaila

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 7

196--207

EN

The olive mill waste water (OMWW) are effluents issued from the extraction of olive oil, these effluents are cloudy-looking liquids with a reddish-brown color, their pH varies from 4 to 5. They are very rich in polyphenols, which causes many environmental problems, such as water pollution, Currently, on an industrial scale, there is no reliable, efficient, and less expensive technique for OMWW treatment. OMWW are evaporated in watertight basins or discharged into watercourses. Several techniques have been studied to treat these industrial effluents. The objective of this work was to compare these studies to formulate the recommendations that can be adopted for an effective and cheaper treatment of these effluents which constitute a major environmental problem for water resources. Indeed, it can be concluded that it is very difficult to treat OMWW by conventional methods due to its non-biodegradability and high cost of others methods like distillation and oxidation. In the end, it was concluded that for a better OMWW treatment, it is necessary to start firstly by the adsorption of phenolic compounds which are responsible for the nonbiodegradability of OMWW while using cheaper adsorbents namely clays, bio-adsorbents or apatites, then dilute the OMWW with domestic wastewater. The dilution of OMWW by urban wastewater leads to good mineralization of organic matter by enriching the medium with microorganisms, which facilitates the elimination of the organic load and then we use the usual techniques as a plant filter or active sludge for mixture treatment.

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Investigation of the Physico-Chemical Quality of the Wastewater in Fez City (Morocco) Using a Multivariate Statistical Method

El Ouadrhiri Faiçal, Elyemni Majda, Adachi Abderrazzak, Hmamou Anouar, Bendaoud Ahmed, Chaouch Mehdi, Lahkimi Amal

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 6

15--25

EN

Similar to countries with arid and semi-arid climates, Morocco faces problems of degradation of the quality of its environment and more specifically the quality of groundwater. In this work, we approached the physico-chemical characterization of the raw effluents of three industrial units in Fez city, namely the textile industry (U1), the copperware industry (U2), olive oil industry (U3) chosen for their degree of pollution and their environmental impact,the aim of which is to highlight the degree and nature of the pollution generated by these effluents, and their biodegradability during the winter period January to February of 2018, when the waste water treatment plant (WWTP) is malfunctioning. A set of samplings and measurements of different physico-chemical pollution parameters were carried out such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, salinity, chlorides, BOD5, COD, suspended solids (SS), Ca2+, K+, as well as heavy metals. The results show that the U3 effluent is highly loaded in organic matter with high COD (37600 mg O2/L) and BOD5 (13000 mg O2/L), while the U2 effluent contains very high concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd) 91,8, 71, 55,4, 53, 28 mg/L, respectively. on the other hand, the U1 effluent is characterized by high SS contents, and concentrations of Ca2+, K+ exceed Moroccan standards. The COD/BOD5 ratio shows that U1and U2 effluents are difficult to biodegrade even if their organic loads are low. In the light of these results, it is recommended that these discharges be pre-treated before they are discharged into the liquid sewer system.