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1

Pseudo-shallow marine features in deep marine gravity-flow successions: lessons from the Menilite Beds at Skrzydlna (Oligocene; Western Outer Carpathians)

Wendorff Marek, Siemińska Aneta

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 1-2 (72-73)

79--80

EN

Quite common in publications devoted to the marine and lacustrine environments are differences of opinion on bathymetry of the basin receiving detrital sediment, especially when sedimentary structures are interpreted as indicators of specific depth-defined environments (following classic textbooks). However modern studies of deep-water environments, experimental work, modelling and numerous outcrop studies of ancient successions mitigate against such an approach. In this respect, the flysch succession of the Menilite Beds strata at Skrzydlna, which contains a variety of features that can confuse a cursory observer seems to serve as a universally applicable example. The succession at Skrzydlna records deposition in the western part of the synorogenic Dukla Basin during the Oligocene. The Menilite Beds are considered by most authors as deep marine deposits (the bathyal zone). The exposed section, almost 200-metre thick, is divided into three lithological intervals, each of which represents a radically different type of sedimentation. These are: i) a fine-grained association of terrigeonous and hemipelagic sediments; ii) infill of a canyon incised by about 40–50 m into the underlying strata, wider than outcrop and dominated by an olistostromal succession of debris flows with pebbles, boulders, slide and slump sheets; iii) succession of turbidites forming three fining-upwards sequences and ranging from thick, massive, amalgamated sandstones deposited by high-density flows in laterally migrating outcrop-scale channels, through ‘normal’ turbidites forming complete Bouma sequences (Ta-e), containing dunes and fining to Tce in the uppermost associations of thin-bedded sandstones and shales. These features suggest rapid uplift of the source area resulting in canyon incision and sudden onset of the olistostrome deposition that evolved upwards into proximal turbidite-fan sequence, which subsequently retrograded due to decreasing intensity of supply. The oldest interval (i) consists of predominantly finegrained facies, most characteristic of the Menilite Beds at their regional development. These are dark mudstones deposited in anoxic to dysoxic conditions and containing thin layers of fine-grained sandstones — turbidites with Bouma Tab; Tbc; Tabc; Tabe intervals, a 2–3 m thick intercalation of massive amalgamated sandstone, dark cherts, and locally silicified marls and limestones. The latter contain isolated lenses of medium-grained sandstone current ripple marks indicating three palaeocurrent directions. Two sets represent bipolar distribution of palaeocurrents, typical of shallow sea/ shelf sediments reworked by tidal currents. However, these are interpreted here as the products of tidal currents reworking bottom sediments of the bathyal zone, the case known from contemporary environments. In this context, the third direction, perpendicular to the bipolar flows does not represent reworking by littoral current on shelf but deep marine contour current. The main channel, or canyon (ii) incised into the slope sediments fed the depositional system with olistostrome deposits supplied from the rapidly uplifted source zone. Above there is a thinning upwards, turbidite sequence of four sub-complexes (A-D): A – conglomerate and sandstone fill three laterally migrating narrow, outcrop-scale erosional channels with a maximum depth of 15 m; B – two shallow (up to 2 m deep) distributary channels filled with very thick, massive or normally graded sandstones; C – turbidites Tb, Tc, Tbc with single occurrences of hummocky-like cross stratification and sandstone beds forming dunes at the mouth of distributary channels; D – less ordered interval of thick-, medium- and thin-bedded sandstones interbedded with mudstones, forming various incomplete sequences of Bouma intervals. Interbeds of hummocky-like cross stratification, commonly found on the shelf, are interpreted in the deep-sea environment as the effect of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability or other complex flow processes, e.g. reflections of turbidity currents. A few occurrences of ripplemarks symmetrical in outer shape show unidirectional cross-lamination in cross section. These were modified by erosion that could have resulted from occasional extremely violent storms or flow reflections off channel margins. In spite of the external shape reminiscent of symmetrical ripplemarks these features do not possess the internal structure of composite cross laminae characteristic for oscillatory reworking of sand by prolonged, rhythmic action of waves. Solitary current ripplemarks showing flow directions opposite to the main transport direction are antidunes or deposits of currents reflected/deflected by channel sides. In summary, in spite of geometrical and structural similarity to the features traditionally considered as formed on shelf, the structures described here, assessed in association with facies and evidence referred to in the introductory paragraphs, fall into the category of deposits known also from below the ‘normal’ wave base and below the shelf edge, i.e. in the slope region. Hence from deep-sea environment for which the occurrence of bipolar currents, dunes, hummocky cross-stratification and symmetrical ripplemarks are neither typical nor diagnostic, but do exist.

2

Using digital photographs and orthophotomaps of a quarry to assess the geometry and density of discontinuities in a sandstone deposit

Figarska-Warchoł Beata, Stańczak Grażyna

Archives of Mining Sciences

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2019

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Vol. 64, no. 3

509--532

EN

A lithological profile and measurements of the orientation and spacings of natural discontinuity planes were carried out in the Górka-Mucharz sandstone excavation (Krosno Beds, Outer Carpathians, Poland). In addition, the density of the discontinuities was assessed by measuring their spacings using oriented digital photographs of the quarry walls. An orthophotomap was also used in assessing the orientation and density of fractures with the tools available in QGIS. It was shown that digital image analysis can be used as an alternative to direct field measurements, especially in situations where access to an outcrop is difficult. The distributions of spacings larger than 40 cm, obtained by direct measurements and based on digital images of the quarry, were comparable. As a consequence, both measurement techniques yielded similar values of the quantity of blocks (QB), which differed by less than 2% for the minimum block volume in the range 0.4-1.0 m3 and by 6-7% for larger blocks. On the other hand, measurements of discontinuity spacings that were taken on the basis of an orthophotomap can only serve to estimate the approximate maximum value of this parameter. However, the use of orthophotomaps gives a more explicit spatial pattern of the main vertical joint sets than direct measurements in the quarry.The analysis results also showed the following: (i) the presence of tectonic disturbances visible at the highest level of the deposit; (ii) higher density of set A fractures with planes deepening in the NE direc-tion and a considerable reduction of the QB parameter, particularly in the peripheral NE and SW parts of the deposit; (iii) differences in the orientation of the discontinuity system between particular beds. The variable density of the discontinuities in the excavation is related to the presence of the faults that limit the Górka-Mucharz deposit.

PL

Przedstawiono profil litologiczny oraz wyniki pomiarów orientacji i odległości naturalnych płaszczyzn podzielności w wyrobisku złoża piaskowców krośnieńskich Górka-Mucharz (Karpaty Zewnętrzne, Polska). Ponadto, intensywność występowania spękań oceniono pomiarami ich rozstępów z wykorzystaniem cyfrowych fotografii zorientowanych ścian kamieniołomu. W ocenie orientacji i intensywności spękań wykorzystano też ortofotomapę wykorzystując do analizy narzędzia GIS. Wykazano, że analiza zdjęć cyfrowych może być wykorzystana jako alternatywa bezpośrednich pomiarów terenowych, szczególnie w sytuacji utrudnionego dostępu do odsłonięć. Uzyskane metodą bezpośrednich pomiarów i na podstawie cyfrowych zdjęć kamieniołomu rozkłady rozstępów były zbliżone dla wartości tego parametru powyżej 40 cm. W konsekwencji obie techniki pomiarów dały podobne wartości wskaźnika bloczności (QB), różniące się o niespełna 2% dla objętości bloku minimalnego w zakresie 0,4-1,0 m3 i 6-7% dla bloków większych. Natomiast pomiar rozstępów płaszczyzn podzielności wykonany na podstawie ortofotomapy może służyć jedynie do oceny przybliżonych maksymalnych wartości tego parametru. Jednak, wykorzystanie ortofotomapy daje bardziej jednoznaczny obraz przestrzennej orientacji głównych zespołów pionowych spękań niż pomiary bezpośrednie w kamieniołomie.W wyniku analizy stwierdzono również: (i) obecność zaburzeń tektonicznych widocznych w najwyższym poziomie złoża; (ii) wyższą intensywność spękań zespołu A o płaszczyznach zapadających w kie-runku NE i znaczne zmniejszenie bloczności (QB), szczególnie w peryferyjnych NE i SW fragmentach złoża; (iii) różnice w orientacji systemu nieciągłości odnotowane pomiędzy poszczególnymi warstwami. Ponadto, wykazano, że obecność uskoków ograniczających złoże Górka-Mucharz może wiązać się ze zmienną intensywnością płaszczyzn nieciągłości w wyrobisku.

3

The miniature echinoid trace fossil Bichordites kuzunensis isp. nov. from early Oligocene prodelta sediments of the Mezardere Formation, Gokceada Island, NW Turkey

Demircan H., Uchman A.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2012

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Vol. 62, no. 2

205-215

EN

The pascichnial trace fossil Bichordites kuzunensis isp. nov. occurs as an epichnial complex structure in early Oligocene prodelta sediments of the Thrace Basin in Gokceada Island, northwest Turkey. It displays characteristics of irregular echinoid burrows such as overall shape and a double meniscate filling with a chevron dorsal suture, in addition to the feature typical of the so far monospecific Bichordites Plaziat and Mahmoudi, 1988, that is a single central core around a single drainage tube. Its miniature size can be related to the small size of the tracemaker (ontogenic feature) or to its dwarfism in a stressed deltaic environment (palaeoecological feature). Its occurrence indicates a period of fully marine conditions during accumulation of the deltaic sediments of the Mezardere Formation.

4

Taphonomy of Oligocene teleost fishes from the Outer Carpathians of Poland

Bieńkowska-Wasiluk M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2010

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Vol. 60, no. 4

479-533

EN

The Oligocene ichthyotaphocoenoses from the Outer Carpathians of Poland are dominated by skeletons of actinopterygian (only teleost) fishes. Their taphonomy was studied in six localities of the Menilite-Krosno Series (Błażowa, Jamna Dolna 1, Jamna Dolna 2, Rudawka Rymanowska, Wola Czudecka, Wujskie). Over 1700 specimens of variably complete fish skeletons, representative of 20 actinopterygian families, were studied. The taphonomic analysis of the skeletal disarticulation and its pattern, deformations of the vertebral column (curved, broken), arrangement of jaws and fins, the spatial array of skeletons with regard to the embedding sediment, as well as identification of unusually preserved specimens, indicate that all of the ichthyotaphocoenoses have resulted from a long-term accumulation of fish carcasses at the burial place, at a very low sedimentation rate, under anoxic conditions in, and above, the sediment/water interface. Two assemblages from the Tylawa Limestone Horizon have acquired their unusually good preservation state due to the penetration of calcium carbonate into soft tissues of corpses at the burial place. in other deposits (shales, marls) the fish skeletons are more or less disarticulated as a result of decay in a calm environment. each of the ichthyotaphocoenoses displays some features indicative of mass mortality events (e.g. high density of individuals, the presence of individuals with jaws agape, high number of juveniles); none of them has a set of features indicating it unequivocally. The cause and/or conditions of death were not the same for all individuals. Only some individuals died instantaneously during mass mortalities, whereas the majority died over a period of time as a result of senility, diseases, or other circumstances. all of the ichthyotaphocoenoses show features typical of both necro- and thanatocoenoses. The associated flora and fauna, e.g., amphipods, land-derived dragonflies and bird feathers, indicate that the taphocoenoses originated as a result of accumulation of biotic remains from various environments. Fishes and associated remains settled on the bottom successively, and thus their assemblages display features typical of necrocoenoses. evidence of fish predation is reported for the first time from the Menilite-Krosno Series of Poland.

5

Kiss of death of a hunting fish : trace fossil Osculichnus labialis igen. et isp. nov. from late Eocene - early Oligocene prodelta sediments of the Mezardere Formation, Thrace Basin, NW Turkey

Demircan H., Uchman A.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2010

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Vol. 60, no. 1

29-38

EN

The trace fossil Osculichnus labialis igen. et isp. nov. occurs as hypichnial pairs of uneven bilobate mounds in early Oligocene prodelta sediments of the Thrace Basin. Osculichnus is generally elliptical or crescentic in outline and has two lip-like lobes: a smaller and a larger one, which are separated by an undulate furrow. Herein, it is interpreted as a hunting trace (praedichnion) of a fish penetrating a surficial sand layer and into an underlying mud horizon. The fish hunted for small endobenthic bivalves and perhaps other invertebrates such as polychaetes. Penetration into surficial mud rather than sand resulted in poorly preserved variants of this trace fossil, whose median furrow is commonly not visible. The probability of fish trace makers is supported by experiments.

6

Phanerozoic paleoenvironment and paleolithofacies maps : Cenozoic

Golonka J.

Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie

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2009

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T. 35, z. 4

507-587

EN

The paper presents the detailed plate tectonic, paleogeographic, paleoenvironment and plaeolithofacies maps for seven Cenozoic time intervals. Thirty five maps, generated using PLATES and PALEOMAP programs, contain information about plate tectonics, paleoenvironment, and paleolithofacies during Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene, time slices. The spatial reconstruction of basin architectures during their origin, expansion, closure and inversion as well as the dynamic of intrabasinal ridges were obtained by palinspastic modeling. This modeling utilized paleomagnetic data and stratigraphic-facies analysis of basins and ridges. Information contained within global and regional papers were selected and posted on the maps. The detailed paleoenvironment and plaeolithofacies zones were distinguished within the basins. The paleogeographic maps illustrate the geodynamic evolution of Earth from Late Cretaceous to Neogene, spreading and origin of new oceans, oceans closing, collisions, continents accretion and origin of new supercontinents.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia szczegółowe mapy paleogeograficzne dla siedmiu przedziałów czasowych w obrębie kenozoiku. Trzydzieści pięć map, skonstruowanych przy użyciu programów PLATES i PALEOMAP, zawiera informacje dotyczące tektoniki płyt, paleośrodowiska i paleolitofacji w czasie paleocenu, eocenu, oligocenu, miocenu i pliocenu. Przestrzenną rekonstrukcję architektury basenów w okresie ich powstawania, ekspansji, zamykania i inwersji oraz analizę dynamiki grzbietów śródbasenowych uzyskano, wykonując modelowanie palinspastyczne, przy uwzględnieniu badań paleomagnetycznych oraz analizy stratygraficzno-facjalnej basenów i rozdzielających je grzbietów. Informacje zawarte w szeregu globalnych i regionalnych prac zostały wyselekcjonowane i naniesione na mapy. W obrębie basenów wydzielono poszczególne strefy paleośrodowiskowe i paleolitofacjalne. Mapy paleogeograficzne ilustrują geodynamiczną ewolucję Ziemi od późnej kredy po neogen, rozrost (spreding) i tworzenie się oceanów, zamykanie się oceanów, kolizje, łączenie się kontynentów i tworzenie się nowych superkontynentów.

7

A new occurrence of sharks in the Menilite Formation (Lower Oligocene) from the Outer (Flysch) Carpathians of Poland

Bieńkowska-Wasiluk M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2009

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Vol. 59, no. 2

235-243

EN

Two newly recognized sections (Jamna Dolna 2 and Wola Czudecka) of the Lower Oligocene Menilite Shales (Menilite Formation) in the Polish Outer (Flysch) Carpathians have recently yielded a small shark assemblage. It comprises teeth of Heptranchias howelli (Reed, 1946), not hitherto reported from Europe, as well as the remains of other sharks (teeth of ?Mitsukurina, Alopias, gillrakers of Cetorhinus) all contributing to the fish assemblage of the Carpathian Menilite Formation, which has long been famous mostly for its teleost content. The life environment of the studied sharks and the basin bottom conditions are briefly discussed.

8

Wykształcenie facjalne warstw krośnieńskich w oknie tektonicznym Mszany Dolnej (polskie Karpaty Zachodnie)

Stadnik R.

Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie

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2007

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T. 33, z. 4

375-393

PL

Przedmiotem opracowania są warstwy krośnieńskie odsłaniające się w oknie tektonicznym Mszany Dolnej w obrębie jednostki dukielskiej. Utwory te wykształcone są głównie w litofacji piaskowców, piaskowców z mułowcami, mułowców z piaskowcami oraz mułowców. Podczas analizy sprofilowanych odsłonięć brano przede wszystkim pod uwagę następujące cechy: wykształcenie litofacjalne, miąższości ławic, procentowy udział piaskowców w stosunku do skał zbudowanych z frakcji drobniejszych, wysortowanie materiału okruchowego, a także rodzaj powierzchni spągowych i stropowych ławic oraz obecność sekwencji negatywnych i pozytywnych w profilu. W konsekwencji rozpoznano środowisko sedymentacji tych utworów. Wykazano, że warstwy krośnieńskie powstawały w obrębie głębokomorskich stożków, w strefie stożka zewnętrznego, w subśrodowisku lobów depozycyjnych, obrzeżenia lobu i obrzeżenia stożka. Na podstawie próbek mikrofaunistycznych oznaczono wiek warstw krośnieńskich na oligocen (zona NP24). Pomierzone kierunki paleotransportu wskazują, że transport materiału okruchowego odbywał się z kierunku południowo-zachodniego na północny wschód.

EN

The present author studied the Krosno beds outcropped in the Mszana Dolna tectonic window within the Dukla Unit. These deposits are mainly developed as sandstones, sandstones with mudstones, mudstones with sandstones and mudstones. The following features: lithofacial development, thickness of layers, the percentage of sandstones in relation with the fine-grained rocks, clastic sediments sorting as well the character of bottom and top surfaces of layers and the presence of the positive and negative sequences in a profile were taken into account for the analysis of the geological profiled outcrops. Such sedimentological features of the Krosno beds indicate their depositional environment connected with the deep-sea fans, in the area of the lower fan, in the subenvironment of the depositional lobes, the lobe fringe and the fan fringe. Based on the microfossils the age of the Krosno beds has been indicated as Oligocene (zona NP24). The measured directions of the palaeotransport show that the distribution of the clastic material took place from the SW to the NE.

9

The onset of orogenic activity recorded in the Krosno shales from the Grybów unit (Polish Outer Carpathians)

Bojanowski M.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2007

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Vol. 57, no. 4

509-522

EN

The Krosno shales were deposited synorogenically in front of an accretionary prism as interchannel flysch facies on a north-dipping slope that constituted the southern marginal part of the Silesian basin. The turbidite flows originated from channelised currents and probably also as separate sedimentation events from slow, dilute "sheet" flows derived from a linear source (probably a shelf-edge). In the background continuous hemipelagic deposition took place and there were two periods when pelagic sedimentation prevailed. Mean accumulation rate of the entire succession was moderate: from 8 to 11 cm/ky. The source rocks were Jurassic to Eocene sedimentary rocks. Geochemical data (La, Th and Sc contents) point to a continental island arc as the original source of the detrital material. Soft-sediment deformations and methane-related authigenic carbonates that are also present in this succession evidence the migration of methane-charged fluids through the sediment column. This fluid expulsion was probably provoked by orogenic activity, i.e. the formation of an accretionary prism.

10

Utwory eocenu i oligocenu rejonu Tarnogrodu (północno-wschodnia część zapadliska przedkarpackiego)

Myśliwiec M., Śmist P.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 8

724-730

EN

The series of the clastic and organic Eocene and Oligocene deposits was penetrated by wells drilled in the NE part of the Polish Carpathian Foredeep. These rocks were deposited on the surface of the platform before the process of the foredeep development was started. The recent structural position of the Eocene and Oligocene rocks is the result of the following vertical and strike-slip movements along the NW–SE direction faults in the Paleo and Mesozoic basement. The Oligocene sandstones are good quality reservoir rocks.

11

Jakość wód podziemnych występujących w utworach oligocenu i miocenu w regionie gdańskim

Pruszkowska M.

Inżynieria Morska i Geotechnika

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2006

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nr 6

326-329

PL

Charakterystyka stabilnej jakości wód podziemnych tego regionu.

EN

Characteristics of stable quality of groundwater in Gdańsk region.

12

The Siary zone of the Magura Nappe (Western Outer Carpathians) in the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene: sedimentation in front of an accretionary prism

Leszczyński S.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2001

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nr 396

96-97

13

Sea-level fluctuations and palaeoenvironmental changes in the Oligocene from Romania

Melinte M.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2001

|

nr 396

105-106

14

Palaeoclimatic implications across the Eocene-Oligocene transition in the Central Carpathian Palaeogene Basin: demise of carbonate platform and cool-water influx

Sotak J., Starek D., Banska M., Biron A., Kotulova J.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2001

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nr 396

142-143

15

Oligocene olistostroms within the Silesian Nappe south of Kalwaria Zebrzydowska (Outer Carpathians, Poland)

Polak A.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2001

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nr 396

124-125

16

Carpathian flysch sea in the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene: example of bottom-water oxygenation development

Leszczyński S.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2001

|

nr 396

95-96

17

Bituminous Oligocene deposits of the Carpathians - the result of sedimentation at the arising of evaporite basin

Petrychenko O. Y., Poberezhskyy A.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2001

|

nr 396

122-123

18

Poziom gruboziarnistych zlepieńców w okolicy Skrzydlnej (Beskid Wyspowy)

Polak A.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2000

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Vol. 48, nr 7

644-650

PL

W strefie lanckorońsko-żegocińskiej, w okolicy Skrzydlnej, w warstwach menilitowych plaszczowiny śląskiej występują zlepieńce z egzotykami. Wyniki badań wskazują, że zlepieńce te są olistostromami. Składają się one z fragmentów skał detrytycznych, gnejsów, kwarcytów oraz osadów węglanowych paleozoiku i mezozoiku. Występują również paleozoiczne, szelfowe wapienie detrytyczne zawierające duże otwornice, litotamnia i inne. Obecność tego typu olistostrom sugeruje, że były one formowane w sąsiedztwie aktywnego skłonu basenu śląskiego związanego z kordylierą śląską.

EN

In the Lanckorona-Żegocina tectonic zone near Skrzydlna, in the Menilite beds of the Silesian nappe occur conglomerates with exotics. Result of the studies show that conglomerates are olistostromes. They are composed of fragments of siliciclastic rock, gneisses, quartz and carbonate rocks of Paleozoic and Mesozoic age. There are also Paleogene shelfdetritic limestone and sandstones containing large foraminifers, lithothamnia and other organic remnants. The presence of the olistostroms of such a composition indicates that they were formed in the vicinity of the active slope of the Silesian Basin connected with the Silesian Ridge (=Silesian Cordillera).