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1

Comprehensive approach to addressing oil spills from critical infrastructure accidents

Dąbrowska Ewa

Safety and Reliability of Systems and Processes

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2023

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Summer Safety and Reliability Seminar 2023

33--46

EN

This chapter presents a general approach to analyzing oil spills, which are frequently caused by critical infrastructure accidents. The definitions of critical infrastructure and complex system are given and the main sectors significant to the safety of industry operations are listed. The chapter underlines the importance of properly maintaining and monitoring shipping critical infrastructure to respond to potential accidents and ensuring the security of the people and goods transported. There are also presented different categories of oil spills, which can help responders to understand the scope of the problem and mitigate the effects of environmental damage if the oil discharges reach sensitive ecosystems or accumulate in large quantities. The application of useful mathematical models is described to support decision-making in oil spill response. The main factors affecting oil spill movement are listed, including the effects of hydro-meteorological conditions on predicting oil spill trajectory. Moreover, the development steps of constructing and verifying a proper probabilistic model for oil spill management are given. The chapter concludes by highlighting the need for further research in this area to improve our understanding of the complexity of the oil spill issue at the considered area

2

Kinetic modelling of biosorption for hydrocarbon removal from wastewater using a modified logistic equation

Knapik Ewa, Stopa Jerzy

Journal of Geotechnology and Energy

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2021

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Vol. 38, no. 1

27--34

EN

The application of raw and modified biomass to remove hydrocarbons from wastewater by adsorption is a common practice. A mathematical modeling of biosorption kinetics is a crucial step to optimize the remediation process. In the present study, kinetic studies were carried out to describe the sorption process of crude oilon waste sunflower stalk pith. To increase sorption capacity, the pith surface was modified with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and hydrophobic SiO2 nanoparticles. The maximum loading of sorption for raw and hydrophobized material was 17.76 g/g and 19.62 g/g for crude oil, respectively. The system reached the equilibrium stage after 24 hours. The uptake profiles have been described by the pseudo-first order rate equation and the pseudo-second order rate equation. The calculated results were compared with experimental data and their fit was poor. To predict biosorption kinetics, a new mathematically efficient procedure based on a modified logistic equation was developed. The results indicate that the sunflower pith is an eco-friendly sorbent with significant potential for the removal of crude oil from water phase.

3

Biotechnological Reclamation of Oil-Polluted Soils

Ablieieva Iryna, Plyatsuk Leonid, Berezhna Iryna, Malovanyy Myroslav

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 2

27--38

EN

The aim of the paper was to determine the efficiency of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) degradation by developed bacterial consortium during bioremediation of oil-contaminated soils caused by accidental oil spills. The soil samples were collected from three different areas near the Bugruvate field of the Dnieper-Donets oil and gas region, Sumy region, Ukraine. The total petroleum hydrocarbon was determined by conducting measurements using a gravimetric method. Gas chromatographic analysis was performed for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The level of oil contamination follows an increasing preferential order: Sample 1 < Sample 2 < Sample 3 (5, 10 and 15 g∙kg-1, respectively). The soil samples comprised different concentrations of PHs including n-alkanes, fluorine, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, toluene, xylene, benzene and other PHs. The results of research indicated that the maximum oil degradation rate at the level of 80% was set at Cin within 4–8 g∙kg-1 and τ = 70 days, under natural condition. In order to improve the efficiency of bioremediation of oil-contaminated soils, bioaugmentation was performed using the developed preparation of such bacteria and fungi strains as Pseudoxanthomonas spadix, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rhodococcus opacus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacillus cereus, Actinomyces sp., Mycobacterium flavescens. The results showed 100% of oil concentration was assimilated after 20, 25 and 35 days for the soil samples with initial hydrocarbon concentrations at the level 5, 10 and 15 g∙kg-1, respectively. The bacterial consortium application (bioaugmentation) exhibited high efficiency compared to the indigenous microflora in the oil biodegradation. The optimal growth condition for the bacteria in this study can be set as follows: pH = 3–11, wide temperature range 0–35°C.

4

Wpływ rodzaju sorbentu na skuteczność usuwania zanieczyszczeń olejowych z powierzchni dróg

Gancarczyk D., Jakubiec J., Sobolewski M.

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2017

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Nr 61 (tom 1) (1)

53--63

PL

Usuwanie rozlewisk cieczy ropopochodnych z powierzchni utwardzonych, akwenów i cieków wodnych należy do obowiązków Państwowej Straży Pożarnej (PSP) oraz innych służb. Do zbierania dużych ilości rozlanego paliwa stosuje się specjalistyczny sprzęt odpompowujący, w tym pompy i skimmery olejowe. Doczyszczenie jezdni po odpompowaniu cieczy, zbieranie plam olejowych czy niewielkich wycieków płynów eksploatacyjnych prowadzi się przy użyciu rożnego typu sorbentów. Warunki techniczno- użytkowe, jakie muszą spełniać sorbenty stosowane przez jednostki ochrony przeciwpożarowej określają między innymi wymagania w zakresie chłonności, pływalności (dla sorbentów stosowanych na wodzie), reaktywności, uziarnienia, gęstości nasypowej. Nie przedstawia się natomiast wymagań dotyczących stopnia przywrócenia szorstkości jezdni przez zastosowany sorbent. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu zastosowanych sorbentów na współczynnik tarcia na zaolejonych powierzchniach. Współczynnik tarcia statycznego wyznaczano poprzez pomiar kąta nachylenia powierzchni płaskiej, przy którym następuje zsuwanie próbnika o określonej masie. Zastosowano powierzchnię betonową pokrytą olejem napędowym oraz próbnik z powierzchnią gumową.

EN

Removal of oil spills from roads, water bodies and watercourses is the responsibility of the State Fire Service and other services. To collect large amounts of spilled fuel, the specialized equipment, including oil pumps and skimmers, is used. Cleaning the road after pumping out the liquid, oil -spot collection or small fluid leak are carried out using various types of sorbents. The sorbents used by Fire Rescue Services must meet technical and utility requirements for, inter alia absorbency, buoyancy (for sorbents used in water), reactivity, particle size and bulk density. However the requirements for the degree of restoration of the roughness of the road by the used sorbent have not been described. This article presents the results of the research concerning the sorbents effect on the coefficient of friction on oily surfaces. The coefficient of a static friction was determined by measuring the angle of inclination of the surface at which the specific mass probe slipped. Concrete plate covered with the diesel fuel and the probe with rubber surface have been used.

5

The modern offshor oil detection and monitoring systems

Nowak D., Wąż M., Grządziel A.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2017

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R. 18, nr 12

324--326, CD

EN

This article describes the general principles of operation of radar systems for detecting oil spills in the offshore sector. First of all, the article contains operational context of the DSO system.

PL

W artykule omówione i opisane zostały ogólne założenia i funkcjonowanie systemów radarowych wykrywania rozlewów olejowych w rejonie obserwacji konkretnego „pola” lub instalacji w sektorze offshore.

6

Automatic Mexico Gulf Oil Spill Detection from Radarsat-2 SAR Satellite Data Using Genetic Algorithm

Marghany M.

Acta Geophysica

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2016

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Vol. 64, no. 5

1916--1941

EN

In this work, a genetic algorithm is exploited for automatic detection of oil spills of small and large size. The route is achieved using arrays of RADARSAT-2 SAR ScanSAR Narrow single beam data obtained in the Gulf of Mexico. The study shows that genetic algorithm has automatically segmented the dark spot patches related to small and large oil spill pixels. This conclusion is confirmed by the receiveroperating characteristic (ROC) curve and ground data which have been documented. The ROC curve indicates that the existence of oil slick footprints can be identified with the area under the curve between the ROC curve and the no-discrimination line of 90%, which is greater than that of other surrounding environmental features. The small oil spill sizes represented 30% of the discriminated oil spill pixels in ROC curve. In conclusion, the genetic algorithm can be used as a tool for the automatic detection of oil spills of either small or large size and the ScanSAR Narrow single beam mode serves as an excellent sensor for oil spill patterns detection and surveying in the Gulf of Mexico.

7

Seven years of macroinfauna monitoring at Ladeira beach (Corrubedo Bay, NW Spain) after the Prestige oil spill

Junoy J., Castellanos C., Viéitez J. M., Riera R.

Oceanologia

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2013

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No. 55 (2)

393-407

EN

The exposed sandy beach of Ladeira (Corrubedo Bay, NW Spain) was sampled during seven years (2003-2009) after the Prestige oil spill (winter 2002-03), to determine interannual variations in the macroinfaunal community in two ways: (i) through ecological indices (species richness and abundances, Shannon's diversity and Pielou's evenness) and (ii) through the density of the most representative species. A clear zonation pattern was found, consisting of two zones: (i) the supralittoral, occupied by talitrid amphipods, isopods and insects, and (ii) the intertidal, where marine crustaceans and polychaetes prevailed. The amphipods Talitrus saltator and Talorchestia deshayesii dominated from the drift line upwards, and isopods (Eurydice spp.), polychaetes (Scolelepis spp.) and the amphipod Pontocrates arenarius dominated the intertidal. Univariate indices remained constant throughout the study period in the supralittoral, but they varied widely in the intertidal zone. Multivariate analysis showed that the Prestige oil spill scarcely affected the macroinfaunal community structure during the study period (2003-2009) and its effect was limited just to the first campaign (2003), six months after the Prestige accident.

8

Numerical modelling of an oil spill in the northern Adriatic

Lončar G., Leder N., Paladin M.

Oceanologia

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2012

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No. 54 (2)

143-173

EN

Hypothetical cases of oil spills, caused by ship failure in the northern Adriatic, are analysed with the aim of producing three-dimensional models of sea circulation and oil contaminant transport. Sea surface elevations, sea temperature and salinity fields are applied as a forcing argument on the model's open boundaries. The Aladin-HR model with a spatial resolution of 8 km and a time interval of 3 hours is used for atmospheric forcing. River discharges along the coastline in question are introduced as point source terms and are assumed to have zero salinity at their respective locations. The results of the numerical modelling of physical oceanography parameters are validated by measurements carried out in the "Adriatic Sea monitoring programme" in a series of current meter and CTD stations in the period from 1 January 2008 to 15 November 2008. The oil spill model uses the current field obtained from a circulation model. Besides the convective dispersive transport of oil pollution (Lagrangian model of discrete particles), the model takes into account a number of reactive processes such as emulsification, dissolution, evaporation and heat balance between the oil, sea and atmosphere. An actual event took place on 6 February 2008, when the ship "Und Adriyatik" caught fire in the vicinity of the town of Rovinj (Croatia) en route from Istanbul (Turkey) to Trieste (Italy). At the time the fire broke out, the ship was carrying around 800 tons of oil. Thanks to the rapid intervention of the fire department, the fire was extinguished during the following 12 hours, preventing possible catastrophic environmental consequences. Based on this occurrence, five hypothetical scenarios of ship failure with a consequent spill of 800 tons of oil over 12 hours were analysed. The main distinction between the simulated scenarios is the time of the start of the oil spill, corresponding to the times when stronger winds were blowing (> 7 m s-1) with a minimum duration of 24 h within the timeframe. Each scenario includes a simulation of oil transport for a period of two months after the beginning of the oil spill. The results show that the coastal belt between the towns of Porec and Rovinj is seriously exposed to an oil pollution load, especially a few days after a strong and persistent bora (NE wind).

9

Mats for Removing Technical Oil Contamination

Wrześniewska-Tosik K., Marchut-Mikołajczyk O, Mik T., Wieczorek D., Pałczyńska M

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2012

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Vol. 20, no. 6B (96)

101--106

EN

The aim of the investigation was to design and prepare a fibrous mat containing chicken feathers as an active filling to absorb spills of petroleum derivatives. The fibrous mat used to remove petroleum contamination consists of an active layer from chicken feathers (the main waste from poultry plants), placed between two layers of hydrophobic material of PP or PES in the form of nonwovens. The mata designed are characterised by excellent sorption of a wide range of hydrophobic petroleum substances, selectivity (sorption of liquid immiscible with water) and subdivision even at the highest saturation of the mat. Oil binder mats based on chicken feathers have been found to be highly effective in absorbing spilled oil from water surface. The material can be used, directly on a water surface regardless of weather conditions, as well as on other surfaces such as concrete or asphalt to fight leakages of oily substances. The mats are light, easy to store and use, and inexpensive. Apart from sorptive proprieties of the mats designed, the possibility of biological utilisation of petroleum contamination by means of a bioremediation method was introduced in the article.

PL

Celem badań było otrzymanie maty włóknistej do usuwania wycieków substancji ropopochodnych Mata włóknista do usuwania ropopochodnych zanieczyszczeń składającej się z warstwy aktywnej zbudowanej z rozdrobnionych piór drobiowych, umieszczonej między dwiema warstwami hydrofobowego materiału z PP, lub PES w postaci włókniny, dzianiny lub siatki. Mata taka charakteryzuje się doskonałą sorpcją substancji ropopochodnych, selektywnością (sorpcja cieczy niemieszających się z wodą) oraz niezatapialnością nawet w stanie najwyższego nasycenia maty. Pióra drobiowe zastosowane jako pochłaniacz ropy okazały się bardzo skuteczne w usuwaniu zanieczyszczeń olejowych z powierzchni wody. Oprócz właściwości sorpcyjnych, w artykule przedstawiono możliwości biologicznej utylizacji zanieczyszczeń ropopochodnych osadzonych na piórach.

10

Problemy bezpieczeństwa w przemyśle off-shore Część 1. Rozlewy olejowe oraz inne rodzaje zagrożeń rejestrowane w sektorze off-shore

Rutkowski G.

Prace Wydziału Nawigacyjnego Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2011

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Z. 26

61--77

PL

Niniejsze opracowanie obejmuje problemy bezpieczeństwa spotykane w przemyśle off-shore. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono zagrożeniom wynikającym z badania oraz eksploracji podwodnych złóż ropy naftowej i gazu oraz innych surowców naturalnych, przeładunku towarów (surowców energetycznych) na otwartym morzu oraz ich transportu do baz lądowych. Autor podjął również próbę odpowiedzi na pytania: Czy i w jakim stopniu rozwój nowych technologii przyczynił się do wzrostu bezpieczeństwa żeglugi w przemyśle off-shore? Czy w rzeczywistości wszelkie operacje związane z wydobyciem, transportem oraz przeróbką ropy naftowej na otwartym morzu są w pełni bezpieczne i nie niosą już żadnych zagrożeń dla ludzi i środowiska?

EN

This paper considers the analysis of safety aspects in the off-shore industry. The text focuses on the hazard which can result from the research and exploration of the natural resources on the open sea, including underwater oil and gas fields, during the off-shore reloading operation with cargo and other energetic resources and subsequently their transportation to a shore base. Most of all, the article depicts the characteristics of the different types of hazard as well as the methods and new technologies, that can be used for estimating the risk in the context of safety of shipping, environment protection, ship handling and off-shore research and exploration.

11

Algorytm strażaka w walce z rozlewami olejowymi

Mazurek J.

Prace Wydziału Nawigacyjnego Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2011

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Z. 26

33--42

PL

W artykule przedstawiono model wykorzystujący narzędzia matematyczne do ustalenia reguł oraz rozwiązań, które mogą być przydatne w sytuacjach zagrożeń ekologicznych takich jak rozlewy olejowe. Algorytm strażaka zastosowano do ograniczenia rozprzestrzeniającego się rozlewu. Zdefiniowano model opisujący rozważaną sytuację, zaprezentowano rozwiązanie oparte na określonej liczbie dostępnych środków oraz przedstawiono podstawowe charakterystyki omawianych zmiennych.

EN

The article presents the use of mathematical tools to determine the rules and practices that may be useful in situations where environmental threats such as oil spills. "Firefighter algorithm" was used here to reduce the spread of the spill. Defined model describes the situation under consideration, presented a solution employing a number of resources available and shows the basic characteristics of the described variables.

12

Use of Mass Spectrometry for Oil Spill Identification

Bogdaniuk M., Dembska G., Sapota G., Flasińska A., Wiśniewski S., Aftanas B.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2010

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Vol. 17, nr 2-3

279-287

EN

A quick and simple method of separating oil products into the aliphatic and aromatic fractions are presented. The aliphatic fraction was analysed, using the GC/MS technique. Results of analyses of the predominant in oil group of biomarkers, ie the n-alkanes and two compounds from the isoprenoid group: pristane and phytane, are presented. Ratios of the content of these compounds (Pr/F), Pr/n-Cn and F/n-C18 are characteristic for a given oil, and this is used to identify the oil products.

PL

Przedstawiono szybką i prostą metodę rozdziału produktów naftowych na frakcję alifatyczną i aromatyczną. Otrzymaną frakcję alifatyczną badano przy zastosowaniu techniki GC/MS. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki analiz dominującej w ropie naftowej grupy biomarkerów - n-alkanów oraz dwóch związków z grupy izoprenoidów. pristanu i fitanu. Stosunki ilości tych związków (Pr/F) oraz Pr/n-C17 i F/n-C18 są charakterystyczne dla określonej ropy, co wykorzystywane jest przy identyfikacji produktów naftowych.

13

Problemy szacowania kosztów usuwania rozlewów olejowych

Goryczko E., Gucma L.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej

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2006

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R. 47 nr 166K/1

121-134

PL

W artykule przedstawione zostały czynniki kształtujące wysokość kosztów usuwania powstałych rozlewów olejowych oraz zależności opisujące szacowanie kosztów. Przedstawiono przykłady kalkulacji kosztów rozlewów w obszarze polskiego wybrzeża. Zagadnienia te starano się odnieść do kryteriów oceny czystości środowiska i określono koszt, jaki jest w stanie ponieść społeczeństwo na zachowanie wolnego od zanieczyszczeń wybrzeża morskiego.

EN

The paper presents general factors influencing the costs of cleanup operations of marine oil spills. The examples of calculations are presented for Polish coast of the Baltic Sea. Additionally the costs of marine oil spill related to the environmental aspects and the cost which could be spend by the society for protection against oil spills are presented.

14

Sorpcja oleju na złożach mineralnych

Michel M. M.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2006

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Vol. 15, No. 1

96--102

EN

Products of oil refinement and edible oils are main sources of pollution of natural environment. They also disrupt proper functioning of sewage systems and biological components of sewage treating plants. Diatomite and clinoptilolite are effective sorbents in removing oil contaminations from hard surfaces. This fact served as a prompt to research chalcedonite’s properties in this field. The research compared chalcedonite’s, diatomite’s and clinoptilolite’s properties of sorption of rape oil and diesel oil. For reference quartz sand was used as well. Two granulations of beds were used: 0.5-0.8 mm and 1.25-2.0 mm. The results confirmed a need of further research on chalcedonite’s capabilities of sorption of oil contaminations.

15

A water Raman extinction lidar system for detecting thin oil spills: preliminary results of field tests

Piskozub J., Drozdowska V., Irczuk M.

Oceanologia

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1998

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No. 40 (1)

3-10

EN

A new FLS-UV lidar system using the extinction of the laser-induced water Raman signal for detecting thin oil slicks on the sea surface was employed. The system uses a solid state laser with frequency multiplication and an array of photomultipliers to measure oil film thicknesses in the 0.5?10 m range. The system was tested during two cruises of r/v "Oceania" in the southern Baltic in May and September 1997. The first experimental results are presented and the system's possibilities and limitations are discussed.