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1

An overview of groundwater resources evolution in North Africa: sustainability assessment of the CI aquifer under natural and anthropogenic constraints

Besser Houda, Dhaouadi Laifa

Meteorology Hydrology and Water Management. Research and Operational Applications

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2022

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Vol. 10, Iss. 1

73--94

EN

Given the complex links to the major economic activities and climate variability, water is becoming the most fiercely contested resource, challenging human survival and food security especially in arid hot dry regions, such as in the Middle East and North Africa areas (MENA). In the Kebili and Tozeur regions in southern Tunisia, groundwater resources undergo abusive exploitation mostly for agricultural activities. The lack of efficient management and adequate conservation strategies to ensure sustainable exploitation has resulted in gradual irreversible ecological and geological effects. Thus, this review paper provides a useful background synthesis for the critical assessment of the recursive dynamic substantial increase in freshwater in these regions, using a general equilibrium model of hydrodynamic and chemical changes of aquifers based on several water scarcity indices and economic-ecological factors. The collected data highlight the good correlation between the reviewed studies and the observed and (or) measured disturbance of the natural functioning of the deep confined aquifers, manifested by the gradual severity of the resulted environmental issues, the permanent irreversible depression of the water table, aquifer decompression, land subsidence in the Douz area, and contamination by petroleum flows, with 4 g/L of asphalt and 12 to 90 µg/L of cadmium in northern Kebili. Based on the assembled evidence, water scarcity has heavily influenced the equilibrium of these resources, and the adopted conservation plans have been insufficient to ensure economic incentives for environmental natural resources conservation (the annual average loss of fertile land is 1.25 ha). A detailed equilibrium analysis, relying on evaluating the water productivity-water exploitation ratio, is undoubtedly necessary for improving the integration among different decision makers. Moreover, a re-examination of the resulting impacts of the previously implemented strategies for reliable database development is the key to the successful handling of this transitory fragile situation.

2

Study of Oil-Contaminated Soils Phytotoxicity During Bioremediation Activities

Sivkov Yuriy, Nikiforov Artur

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 3

67--72

EN

This work is devoted to studying the dynamics of changes in phytotoxicity of oil-contaminated meadow soils in the process of microbial bioremediation. The research was conducted under laboratory and field conditions. Winter rye (Secále cereále) was selected as the test object. In order to assess the degree of toxicity in the laboratory, the indicators of seed germination – germination rate and germination energy-were determined. In a field experiment, the ecological state of oil-contaminated soils was evaluated by the germination rate and the amount of aboveground plant biomass. The research results showed that the content of petroleum products significantly affected the percentage of germination of rye seeds. There are differences in the size of seedlings for different experimental schemes: in all tests, the average height of cleoptila on polluted soil was less than on unpolluted soil, but at the same time it varied for different experimental bioremediation schemes. The use of potassium humate and modified vermiculite as additives significantly reduced the toxicity of the oil-contaminated soil.

3

Assessment of the degree of deterioration of trunk piston engine oil used in the engine 6AL20/24

Malinowska M.

Journal of KONES

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2016

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Vol. 23, No. 4

319--326

EN

The problem of engine oils and lubrication systems of marine diesel engines is an important issue in operation of engines. When considering the problems of exploitation of machines and devices, the lubricating oils are treated as one of the part of engine design, which should perform the functions: control friction between load-bearing surfaces, limit the temperature by carrying away heat from fluid fraction and fuel combustion, reduce corrosion etc. – general protect engine parts. The knowledge of the properties lubricating oils allows for proper selection them for the engine and correct use. During operation, the oil subjects' irreversible process of oil deterioration and it cannot properly fulfil their functions. Therefore important are frequent periodic checks of oil, it means monitoring. The state of the lubricating oil can be characterized by parameters such as viscosity, total base number, acid value, lubricating ability, flash point etc. Changes on these parameters of engine oil during exploitation, cause problems in fulfilling the primary functions of the oil. The target of the paper was the analysis and estimate of properties of trunk piston engine oil – Marinol RG 1240 after various times overwork on the sailing vessel “Dar Młodzieży” on the engine Cegielski-Sulzer 6AL20/24. The results were compared with the values critical and preventive limits and proposed several corrective actions for users the engine 6AL20/24.

4

The analysis of changes in total base number and the flash point in the exploited engine oil

Sikora G., Miller H.

Journal of KONES

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2012

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Vol. 19, No. 3

395-398

EN

This paper is a continuation of the analysis of the grade of wear of the engine oil, used in the Caterpillar's marine engine, which is working in the engine's room of the harbour tug. Previous studies were related to the dynamic viscosity, lubricity and the grade of the metallic elements contamination. In these studies, the viscosity of the oil in most samples decreased with time of exploitation. However, in some samples, an increase of the viscosity was observed, what may indicate the fuel entering into the circulation of lubricating oil and its subsequent evaporation. Aim of this study is to determine the size of the Total Base Number changes and the flash point changes. The authors examine the changes in Total Base Number and the flash point of the exploited engine oil, in specified intervals in time between its exchanges. The results are analyzed and compared to the previously obtained results of the viscosity, lubricity and the grade of the metallic elements contamination. The analyses of the Total Base Number were conducted on the RST 822 Radiometer from Radiometer Analytical A/S, according to the polish standard PN-76/C-04163: Petroleum Products. Determination of the Total Base Number by potentiometric titration with perchloric acid. Flash point was determined using the Cleveland, in the open pot, using an ISL FP 92 5G device from Tusnovics Instruments Poland Ltd. The conclusions of this paper lead to better understanding of the processes, which occur in marine engines and its influence on the oil aging. Understanding of this process contributes significantly to a more accurate mathematical modelling of the aging process of engine oil.

5

Próba wykorzystania metody potencjałów wzbudzonych do wykrywania zanieczyszczeń węglowodorami na obszarze postglacjalnym

Żogała B., Mendecki M., Pierwoła J., Zuberek W. M.

Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie

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2009

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T. 35, z. 2/1

479-487

EN

Oil contaminations of soils are connected with human activity, for instance military activity. Organic pollution finding is one of environmental protection problems. Our field investigation was carried out to localize oil contaminations with induced polarization method (IP). The studied area is situated in post-Soviet military fuel base. The area is covered by postglacial sediments. Part of selected experimental area was submitted to bioremediation process. IP measurements indicated the relationship between bioremediation area and increase of chargeability effect. Two types of electrodes were used for measurements: stainless steel and non-polarizable ones. The survey results confirmed more accuracy of non-polarizable electrodes for postglacial area conditions. This method could be used to monitor efficacy of bioremediation process of hydrocarbons contaminated soils as well.

6

Sorpcja zanieczyszczeń ze zużytego oleju smażalniczego na modyfikowanym za pomocą KOH węglu aktywnym

Chwiałkowski W., Buczek B.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2006

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T. 85, nr 8-9

1260-1262

PL

Przedstawiono właściwości adsorpcyjne węgla aktywnego AR oraz produktu jego modyfikacji za pomocą KOH, oznaczonego symbolem ARK. Porównano ich zdolność do oczyszczania oleju rzepakowego stosowanego do smażenia żywności. W pracy badano wpływ sorpcyjnego oczyszczania na zmianę wskaźników jakościowych olejów, takich jak: LK, LN, LA, LI oraz parametrów fizykochemicznych (gęstość, lepkość, zawartość związków polarnych).

EN

A (1:3 by wt.) C–KOH quick-heated to 700 and then at 10oC/hr. to 750°C, kept so 30 min, cooled, neutralized with aq. 5% HCl, washed to pH ~5, and dried at 120°C gave 46% of the final product. It removed best secondary oxidation and colorful and polar compds. from used frying rapeseed oil. But it raised the percentage of oxidates, presumably via oxidn. of triacylglycerols in the oil partly used up. The modified C reduced the proportion of satd. and raised the overall amt. of unsatd. acids. It appears applicable for com.-scale purification of frying oils.

7

Zanieczyszczenie gleb lotniska w Dęblinie substancjami ropopochodnymi

Baran S., Oleszczuk P.

Archiwum Ochrony Środowiska

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2002

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Vol. 28, no. 4

105-115

PL

Zanieczyszczenie gleb przez substancje ropopochodne stanowi poważny problem wymagający intensywnych badań. Do miejsc, szczególnie narażonych na tego typu zjawiska można zaliczyć: okolice tras komunikacyjnych, stacji benzynowych i lotnisk. W pracy oznaczano całkowitą zawartość węglowodorów, jak również 16WWA w glebach lotniska w Dęblinie. Zaobserwowano wyraźne różnice w zanieczyszczeniu badanych obszarów. Oznaczone stężenia wahały się od 113 do 5638ug/kg 16 WWA oraz od 40 do 430 mg/kg całkowitej zawartości węglowodorów (CZW). Analizę przeprowadzono za pomocą wysoko-sprawnej chromatografii cieczowej o odwróconych fazach (WWA) oraz na aparacie SOXTEC wg normy PN-86/C-04573/01 (CZW).

EN

Soil contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons is a serious problem. In the soil in the location of highways, fuel pumping station and airfields high pollutant concentrations are found. The contents of total hydrocarbons (THC) and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analysed in the surface (0-20 cm) soil samples from airfields in Dęblin. Marked differences in the pollution level of the above areas were noted. The PAH contents ranged from 113 to 5638ug/kg and THC contents range from 40 to 430 mg/kg. The analysis was carried out by reverse phase HPLC (PAHs) and SOXTEC apparatus according to Polish norm PN-86/C-04573/01.

8

Ocena zagrożenia użytkowych zbiorników wód podziemnych substancjami ropopochodnymi w rejonie Częstochowy

Malina G., Derda A., Derda M.

Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska

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1999

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T. 2, nr 3/4

279-295

PL

Przedstawiona ocena zagrożenia użytkowych zbiorników wód podziemnych substancjami ropopochodnymi w rejonie Częstochowy została wykonana na podstawie inwentaryzacji 66 stacji paliwowych, stanowiących potencjalne ogniska zanieczyszczeń. Analiza warunków hydrogeologicznych, geologiczno-inżynierskich i technicznych budowy, a także eksploatacji stacji paliw oraz wizja terenowa umożliwiły sporządzenie listy rankingowej obiektów z uwzględnieniem stopnia zagrożenia dla użytkowych zbiorników wód podziemnych. Wskazano 3 obiekty stanowiące bezpośrednie zagrożenie dla górnojurajskiego poziomu wodonośnego oraz 24 obiekty zagrażające wodom czwartorzędowym (poziom I zagrożenia), gdzie wymagane jest podjęcie natychmiastowych działań zabezpieczających. Zaproponowano strategię działań mających na celu minimalizację zagrożeń wywołanych substancjami ropopochodnymi.

EN

The risk from petrol stations on groundwater reservoirs in Częstochowa Region has been evaluated based on inventory of 66 existing petrol stations that are potential or actual sources of oil-contamination. Analysis of hydrogeological and geotechnical characteristics of sites, technical conditions of the construction and exploitation of petrol stations, together with site investigations allowed to make a ranking list of the objects, with respect to their impact degree to groundwater. There were 3 petrol stations indicated that are directly hazortous to the Upper Jurassic water-bearing horizons and 24 objects affecting the Quaternary aquifers (I level of hazard), where the immediate action is required. The strategy was recommended that should minimise risk to groundwater reservoirs from oil contamination.