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Polon : jego chemia i tajemnice : 125 rocznica jego odkrycia

Skwarzec Bogdan

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2023

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[Z] 77, 9-10

921--936

EN

The paper is of a review character and in historical terms, it contains an overview of research on polonium from the time of its discovery in 1898 (125 years ago) to the present time. The article contains a description of the state of knowledge about the chemistry of polonium, taking into account its physicochemical properties, as well as methods of its production and the radioactivity of its isotopes, as well as its current scientific and industrial applications. The issue of strong radiotoxicity of polonium and the dangers associated with research on it, as well as numerous example of diseases and death from its absorption into the human body, are described in detail. Despite the passage of 125 years since the discovery of polonium, it still fascinates researchers with its mysteries that have not been fully understood, revealed and explained. The sources of this peculiarity should be sought in the fact that although it is classified as a metal, it also has non-metallic properties and can form a number of different chemical compounds. Several chemical compounds of polonium have been tested, which are very easy to get into the human body, where it causes terrible havoc. Alpha particles emitted from decay of 210Po can cause damage to proteins and DNA that load to cell death or such changes in the body that consequently initiate the development of cancer. So you could say that polonium not only has a rich past, but also has an undeniably interesting future.

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Mineralizacja Cu-Ag w utworach cechsztynu : zarys historii poszukiwań i badań prowadzonych przez PIG

Oszczepalski Sławomir, Chmielewski Andrzej

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 7

587--593

EN

Discovered by J. Wyżykowski in 1957, the Lubin-Sieroszowice deposit is a classic representative of the giant Kupferschiefer-type Cu-Ag stratabound deposit. Its disclosure and documentation was provided by the research work of many geologists of the Polish Geological Institute and many other institutions. During the period of 60 years, the mining and metallurgical industry has been developed to such extent that Poland is now among the world’s major producers of copper and silver. This discovery marked the beginning of the recognition of the S Oszczepalski A Chmielewski deposit and gave rise to further exploration for prospective areas elsewhere in SW Poland. Detailed studies of Rote Fäule alteration have shown that redox boundary is the principal guide to exploration. Later studies of numerous boreholes allowed the researchers to distinguish 38 prospective areas on the reductive side of the redox border and Au-Pt-Pd enrichments in oxidized rocks. The Kupferschiefer-type deposits were long considered classic examples of syngenetic mineralization. However, the close relationship between the occurrence of Cu-Ag orebodies and oxidized altered areas, and ore zones progressively transgressive to bedding relative to the Rote Fäule front indicates that these deposits were formed as a result of fluid-rock interaction caused by ascending migration of moderately low-temperature basinal chloride brinesfrom the underlying red beds within reasonable periods of diagenesis of the reduced hosts. The hematitization was the result of an influx of oxidizing solutions across the centers of oxidized areas that acted as the innermost parts of the telescoped Rote Fäule/ore systems. The early-to-late diagenetic timing of mineralization is constrained by paleomagnetic age of hematite, K-Ar dating of authigenic illite and Re-Os dating of Cu sulfides. The fluid circulation was due to paleogeothermal activity, compactive expulsion, recirculation and (or) seismic movements, corresponding to intracontinental Permian-Triassic rifting. Due to the depletion of shallow resources, extensive deep exploration drilling is required to verify the resource potential in concession prospects existing around the documented deposits. The long-term challenges related to the substantial copper and silver scarcity problems in the future demand for overcoming geological barriers (considerable depths, high overburden pressure, elevated temperature, gas hazard) require the use of innovative technology, creation of favorable investment conditions and preparation of a long-term raw materials strategy.

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Badania złóż surowców metalicznych przez Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny

Oszczepalski S., Wiszniewska J., Mikulski S.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2018

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Vol. 66, nr 9

529--541

EN

Very intensive prospecting works for metallic ores have been conducted by the PGI since the 50. of the 20th century. Strong research-prospecting teams were organized and focused on the detailed and successive recognition of different and prospective metallogenic formations in Poland. The most important was the discovery of the enormous Cu-Ag Lubin–Sieroszowice deposit of the Zechstein formationon the Fore-Sudetic Monocline made by J. Wyżykowski’s team. Also, in the 50-70. the iron prospecting finalized with documentation of a few sedimentary type deposits in central Poland. Intensive drilling works carried out in the 60-70. on the Mazury–Suwałki Elevation allowed for discovery and documentation of the Fe-Ti-V deposit in Krzemianka and Udryn, which are related to Mesoproterozoic magmatic AMCG rock complexes. Besides, in the Tajno Massif REE mineralization, hosted by carbonatites, was recognized. Moreover, in the Triassic carbonate formation of the Zawiercie region a few Zn-Pb deposits of the Mississippi Valley Type were documented in the 70-80. The intensive prospecting drilling program carried by the PGI in the 90. within the contact zone of the Małopolska and Upper Silesia blocks documented the buried Myszków Cu-Mo(-W) deposit of porphyry type and a few very prospective areas for another porphyry-type deposits along the Kraków–Lubliniec Fault Zone. In addition, the REE and/or gold resources both in the primary (hydrothermal and contact-metasomatic) and the secondary (detrital) deposits have been discoveredanddocumentedintheSudetes.Theverysuccessfulprospectiveworkscarriedout by the PGI ore geologists allowed for a strong development of the base metal mining industry which has highly influenced the Polish economy during the last 50 years.

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Krótka historia szkła. Jak „wymyślono” szkło? Hipotezy

W T.

Świat Szkła

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2017

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R. 22, nr 11

50--52

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Blaski i cienie sukcesu, czyli o życiu Jana Wyżykowskiego i odkryciu „wielkiej miedzi”

Wołkowicz K., Graniczny M., Wołkowicz S., Urban H.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 5

304--311

EN

After World War II, Jan Wyżykowski studied at the Faculty of Mining University in Kraków. In 1946-1948, he held summer practices in mines and at the Polish Geological Institute (PGI), which allowed him to explore the ore deposits in Lower Silesia. On January 1951, he was transferred to the PGI, where all works related to the issues of the ore exploration were gradually taken over by the Ore Department based in Kraków. In the early 1950’s, a research program for copper exploration began to crystallize in the area located north of the Old Copper Basin and north of Wroclaw. Such program was postulated by two heads of the Ore Department, R. Krajewski and A. Graniczny. A seismic profile was acquired along the Boleslawiec-Glogów line to determine the extent of the Zechstein Kupeferschiefer formation in the Fore-Sudetic area. Wyżykowski was a planner ofthe drillings along this profile. Thefirst three boreholes did not indicate the possibility of success. What is more, Wyżykowski’s research was illegal, because he drilled to a depth of 700 metres, which was about 300 metres deeper than allowed. The thesis offutility of exploration in this area started to dominate. Despite all these adversities, Wyżykowski stubbornly strove to achieve the goal. A team led by him came across economic copper ore deposits on 23 March, 1957. In the Sieroszowice IG 1 borehole, at a depth of650 m, copper mineralization of 1.4% was found in marls. The presence of rich copper mineralization was confirmed also in a nearby borehole drilled in Lubin, S-19. The history of the "great Polish copper has started”.

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60-lecie odkrycia złoża rud miedzi Lubin–Sieroszowice – nowa perspektywa

Oszczepalski S.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 5

312--320

EN

During the period of 60 years, the mining and metallurgical industry has been developed to such extent that Poland is now among the worlds’major producers ofcopper and silver. The discovery, made on 23 March 1957 by a team of specialists from the Geological Institute under the leadership of Jan Wyżykowski, was followed by the preparation of the first geological documentation of the copper deposit, containing the results ofpioneering works that laid the foundation for the knowledge of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline geology. This discovery marked the beginning of the recognition of the deposit and gave rise to further exploration for prospective areas elsewhere in SW Poland. Later studies of numerous drill cores strongly indicate that the Zechstein copper-bearing series contains a very large volume of prognostic, prospective and hypothetical resources, rimming the oxidized Rote Fäule areas also outside the Lubin-Sieroszowice Copper District. Extensive deep exploration drilling is required to verify the resource potential in several prospects. The long-term challenges demand new solutions for the mining industry of the future within the EU, to enable the reindustrialization of Europe.

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Patent - wynalazek - odkrycie

Przybylska Z.

Techniczne Wyroby Włókiennicze

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2007

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R. 15, nr 2

61-61