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1

History of fire

Szydło Zbigniew A.

Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology

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2019

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R. 24, NR 1-2

23--43

EN

The history of fire is an important and fascinating topic, yet it is not covered in any school or university syllabus. In the present article, the author argues a case for its inclusion in chemistry teaching programs. He outlines some key points relating to investigations on the nature of combustion processes and the discovery of oxygen. Details are included for a class experiment with gunpowder, which is suitable for school pupils aged 13 to 15.

2

The Relationship between Primary Production and Respiration in the Photic Zone of the Great Mazurian Lakes (GMLS), in Relation to Trophic Conditions, Plankton Composition and Other Ecological Factors

Siuda W., Kauppinen E. S., Kaliński T., Chróst R. J., Kiersztyn B.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 3

303--323

EN

The relation of primary production to respiration and dependence of both processes on various environmental factors were investigated in the surface waters of lakes of The Great Mazurian Lake System (GMLS) during summer seasons 2009-2011. Primary production and extracellular release was determined by 14C method, respiration (dark oxygen consumption) - by Winkler's method. Collected results allow to conclude that: (i) in all studied lakes primary production was primarily cyanobacterial, although in mesotrophic ones participation of eukaryotic phytoplankton in light CO2 fixation was more pronounced; (ii) in mesotrophic part of GMLS primary production was limited alternately by N and P availability and less dependent on N and P regeneration processes, whereas in southern, eutrophic lakes it was primarily fueled by regeneration of biogenic substances from organic compounds and strongly limited by N resources; (iii) although in photic zone of whole GMLS respiration was dominated by heterotrophic bacteria, in its mesotrophic part also participation of other plankton components in respiration processes was significant and, (iv) that in eutrophic lakes planktonic respiration was more dependent on low molecular weight products liberated enzymatically from organic substrates than on organic compounds released by primary producers. The mean production to respiration ratio, which varied from 2.11 to 2.60 in northern, and from 2.05 to 3.67 in southern lakes suggested that during period of investigations photic zones of lakes of both parts of GMLS were net autotrophic systems.

3

Use of siliconised infant endotracheal tubes reduces work of breathing under turbulent flow

Stankiewicz B., Rawicz M., Darowski M., Zielinski K., Kozarski M., Chwojnowski A.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 37, no. 1

59--65

EN

The high resistance of an infant endotracheal tube (ETT) can markedly impair ventilation and gas exchange. Since some manufacturers cover the inner surface of their ETTs with a silicon layer in order to diminish deposition and ease mucous evacuation from airway, via surface roughness decrease, we assessed whether the silicon layer may affect tube resistance, work of breathing and other parameters of ventilation. We compared SUMI (Poland) non-siliconised and siliconised polyvinyl chloride ETTs (2.5, 3.0 and 4.0 mm ID), twenty of each type and size combination. Simulating volume-controlled ventilation with the hybrid (numerical–physical) lung models of a premature infant and a 3-month-old baby peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), peak inspiratory and expiratory flow (PIF, PEF), (patient + ETT) inspiratory and expiratory airway resistance (Rins, Rexp) and work of breathing by ventilator (WOBvt) were measured. Additionally, images of the both type surfaces were taken using Hitachi TM-1000 electron microscope. When 2.5 and 3.0 mm ID ETTs were examined, laminar flow (Re <2300) across the tube was observed, and there were no clinically significant differences in the ventilation param-eters between non-siliconised and siliconised tubes. Whereas, when 4 mm ID ETTs were tested, turbulent flow was observed, and PIP, Rins, Rexp and WOBvt were significantly lower (5%, 17%, 17%, and 7%, respectively) (P < 0.05), but PIF and PEF were significantly higher (8%, 14%) (P < 0.05). Thus, the silicone inner surface of ETT offers less resistance and WOBvt in presence of turbulent flow. However, artifacts observed on the surface of non-siliconised and siliconised ETTs can potentially impair ventilation.

4

Urządzenia nasobne do monitorowania układu sercowo-naczyniowego

Przystup P., Bujnowski A.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2016

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Vol. 57, nr 9

85--88

PL

Choroby układu sercowo-naczyniowego są najczęstszą przyczyną zgonów na świecie. Rozszerzenie tradycyjnych metod diagnostyki i monitorowania pacjentów (EKG, Holter EKG) o dodatkowe biosygnały, oraz zastosowanie zaawansowanych metod analizy zarejestrowanych danych pozwoli na wczesną reakcję na wystąpienie epizodów zagrażających zdrowiu lub życiu pacjenta. W poniższej pracy zaprezentowano dwa urządzenia nasobne do monitorowania systemu sercowo-naczyniowego: SleAp oraz Pathmon. Umożliwiają one długotrwałą rejestrację szeregu biosygnałów, pozwalających na detekcję bezdechów, ocenę elektrycznej i mechanicznej aktywności serca, oraz zarejestrowanie czynności oddechowej.

EN

Cardiovascular system diseases are the most common cause of death. The extension of traditional diagnostic and patient monitoring methods (ECG, Holter ECG) by additional biosignals, and use of advanced analysis methods of recorded data will allow for early response to the occurrence of episodes endanger the health or life of the patient. The following paper presents two wearable devices to monitor the cardiovascular system SleAp and Pathmon. They allow long-term recording of the number of biosignals, enabling the detection of apnea and assessment of the electrical and mechanical activity of the heart, as well as respiration signal recording.

5

Application of biological indicators for estimation of remediation of soil degraded by sulphur industry

Joniec J., Furczak J., Kwiatkowska E.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2015

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Vol. 22, nr 2

269--283

EN

The study was conducted on an experiment established in the area of the former Sulphur Mine “Jeziorko.” The remediation was applied to a soil-less formation with particle size distribution of weakly loamy sand, strongly acidified and with bad sorptive properties (Corg. - 2.0 g kg−1; pHKCl - 4.3; T - 7.0 cmol(+) kg−1). In the particular treatments of the experiment the following were applied to the soil-less formation: flotation lime and NPK; lime and sewage sludge; sewage sludge; mineral wool (5 cm 50 cm−1), lime and NPK; mineral wool (5 cm 50 cm−1), lime and sewage sludge; mineral wool (500 m3 ha−1), lime and NPK; mineral wool (500 m3 ha−1), lime and sewage sludge. Plots prepared in that manner were then sown with a mix of grasses. The control was the soil with no amendments. The analyses of the soil material comprised assays of the numbers of particular groups of bacteria and fungi, and of their biochemical and enzymatic activities. The study revealed that all the wastes applied for the remediation caused an increase in the numbers of the bacterial groups studied (copiotrophic, oligotrophic, cellulolytic, lipolytic), as well as in the respiration activity and rate of mineralisation of cellulose. That effect was the most pronounced in the case of sewage sludge. In treatments in which sewage sludge was applied, an increase was also observed in the numbers of the studied fungi (fungi on Martin medium, cellulolytic fungi, lipolytic fungi) and in lipase activity. Whereas, the application of the remaining wastes resulted in a slight decrease in the numbers of the fungal groups under analysis. Comparing the mean annual values of the analysed biological, physical, chemical and physicochemical properties it was found that the biological properties were as sensitive, and in the case of certain tests (numbers of cellulolytic and lipolytic bacteria, rate of cellulose mineralisation) even more sensitive indicators of positive changes taking place in the remediated soil.

PL

Badania wykonano na doświadczeniu, założonym na terenie byłej Kopalni Siarki „Jeziorko”. Rekultywacji poddano utwór bezglebowy o składzie granulometrycznym piasku słabogliniastego, silnie zakwaszony i o złych właściwościach sorpcyjnych (Corg. - 2.0 g kg−1; pHKCl - 4.3; T - 7.0 cmol(+) kg−1). W poszczególnych kombinacjach doświadczenia do rekultywowanego utworu bezglebowego wprowadzono: wapno poflotacyjne i NPK; wapno i osad ściekowy; osad ściekowy; wełnę mineralną (5 cm 50 cm−1), wapno i NPK; wełnę mineralną (5 cm 50 cm−1), wapno i osad ściekowy; wełnę mineralną (500 m3 ha−1), wapno i NPK; wełnę mineralną (500 m3 ha−1), wapno i osad ściekowy. Tak przygotowane poletka obsiano następnie mieszanką traw. Kontrolę doświadczenia stanowiła gleba niepoddana zabiegom ulepszającym. W ramach analiz w materiale glebowym określano liczebność poszczególnych grup bakterii i grzybów oraz ich aktywność biochemiczną i enzymatyczną. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że wszystkie zastosowane do rekultywacji odpady spowodowały wzrost liczby badanych grup bakterii (kopiotroficzne, oligotroficzne, celulolityczne, lipolityczne) aktywności oddechowej i tempa mineralizacji celulozy. Oddziaływanie to najsilniej uwidoczniło się pod wpływem osadu ściekowego. W obiektach, gdzie wprowadzono osad ściekowy, odnotowano również wzrost liczby badanych grup grzybów (grzyby na pożywce Martina, celulolityczne, lipolityczne) i aktywności lipazy. Natomiast dodatek pozostałych odpadów skutkował niewielkim spadkiem liczby analizowanych grup grzybów. Porównując średnie roczne wartości badanych właściwości biologicznych, fizycznych, chemicznych i fizykochemicznych, stwierdzono, że właściwości biologiczne okazały się równie czułymi, a nawet w przypadku niektórych testów (liczba bakterii celulolitycznych i lipolitycznych, tempo mineralizacji celulozy) czulszymi wskaźnikami pozytywnych zmian zachodzących w rekultywowanym gruncie.

6

Wpływ procesu oddychania na kształtowanie się strumieni konwekcyjnych nad ludźmi

Koelblen B., Bogdan M.

Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja

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2013

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T. 44, nr 8

337--342

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań strumieni konwekcyjnych kształtujących się nad manekinem termicznym. Przeprowadzono 3 warianty badań: manekin nagi oraz ubrany w odzież letnią i zimową. Zmiennym parametrem był brak lub też zastosowanie procesu oddychania. Wyniki badań potwierdziły wpływ oddychania na tworzenie się strumieni konwekcyjnych nad manekinem. Zastosowanie wydechu jednocześnie przez usta i nos manekina termicznego powodowało tworzenie się szerszego strumienia konwekcyjnego oraz wzrost jego prędkości maksymalnej.

EN

The paper presents the results of measurements of thermal plumes shaping over a thermal manikin. The study consisted of 3 variants: nude manikin and manikin wearing summer and winter clothing. Variable parameter was also the lack or the use of the breathing simulation process. The results confirmed the impact of breathing on the formation of thermal plumes above manikin. The use of exhale through the mouth and nose of manikin at the same time, resulted in the formation of larger convective flow and increase its maximum velocity.

7

Analysis of ventilation rate in the office

Kapalo P.

Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym

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2013

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nr 1(11)

52--57

EN

The aim of the article is to establish the necessary air exchange rate in the room at the principe production carbon dioxide calculation and experiment. There was calculated CO2 produced by humans in the room. Ventilation rate was calculated by several methods and compared with the measured carbon dioxide production.

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest określenie niezbędnej ilości wymian powietrza w pomieszczeniu biurowym w odniesieniu do produkcji dwutlenku węgla na podstawie kalkulacji i badań w warunkach rzeczywistych. Dokonano pomiarów ilości CO2 wyprodukowanej przez ludzi w pomieszczeniu. Intensywność wentylacji oszacowano, posiłkując się kilkoma metodami i zestawiono ze zmierzoną ilością CO2.

8

Real working condition of natural ventilation

Rabczak S., Proszak-Miąsik D.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Rzeszowskiej. Budownictwo i Inżynieria Środowiska

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2012

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z. 59, nr 2/II/II

659--668

PL

W artykule przedstawiono rolę wentylacji naturalnej w odniesieniu do poziomu koncentracji CO2 w budynkach mieszkalnych. Omówiono główne założenia działania wentylacji w oparciu o obowiązujące przepisy prawne oraz jej oddziaływanie na odczucie komfortu jak i jej wpływ na zdrowie ludzi.

EN

Role of ventilation on level of CO2 concentration and effects connected to dissatisfy natural ventilation operation in buildings have been discussed. The main assumptions of natural ventilation in habitable buildings according to obligatory Polish law regulations have been presented. The obtained real operational conditions of natural ventilation in buildings have been associated with comfort feeling and effect to human health.

9

Numbers and Activity of Selected Microbial Groups Involved in Carbon Transformations in Podzolic Soil Amended with Sewage Sludge

Joniec J., Furczak J.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. A

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2012

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Vol. 19, nr 1-2

7-24

EN

Laboratory experiments were conducted in two variants, on a podzolic soil amended with the following doses of municipal-industrial sewage sludge: 30 Mg ź ha–1 (1 %), 75 Mg ź ha–1 (2.5 %), 150 Mg ź ha–1 (5 %), 300 Mg ź ha–1 (10 %) and 600 Mg ź ha–1 (20 %). In one of the variants non-sterile sludge was applied, and in the other variant the sludge applied had been subjected to the process of sterilisation in order to determine the contribution of the sludge microorganisms in the transformation of organic matter. After 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months from the application of the sludge, analyses were performed to determine the following parameters in the soils of the two variants: so-called total number of bacteria with low nutritional requirements, so-called total number of bacteria with high nutritional requirements, total number of filamentous fungi, number of cellulolytic fungi, respiratory activity, intensification of the process of cellulose mineralisation, and dehydrogenases activity. The analyses revealed that the non-sterile sewage sludge caused a stimulation of both the growth and the level of activity of the bacterial and fungal groups under study. That effect was usually the strongest at the beginning of the experiment and increased with increase in the dose of sludge applied. The non-sterile sludge had a stronger effect only on mineralisation of cellulose and on dehydrogenases activity, which may indicate participation of sludge microorganisms in those processes.

PL

Badania laboratoryjne przeprowadzono w dwóch wariantach na glebie bielicowej, do której dodano następujące dawki osadu oecieków komunalno-przemysłowych: 30 Mg ź ha–1 (1 %), 75 Mg ź ha–1 (2,5 %), 150 Mg ź ha–1 (5 %), 300 Mg ź ha–1 (10 %) i 600 Mg ź ha–1 (20 %). W jednym wariancie zastosowano osad niesterylny, a w drugim osad poddany procesowi sterylizacji, w celu poznania udziału mikroorganizmów osadowych w transformacji wymienionej materii organicznej Po upływie 0,5, 1, 2, 3, 4 i 5 miesięcy oznaczano w gleby obu wariantów: tzw. ogólną liczbę bakterii o małych wymaganiach pokarmowych, tzw. ogólną liczbę bakterii o dużych wymaganiach pokarmowych, tzw. ogólną liczbę grzybów nitkowatych, liczebnooeć grzybów celulolitycznych, aktywnooeć oddechową, nasilenie procesu mineralizacji celulozy i aktywnooeć dehydrogenaz. Przeprowadzone analizy wykazały, że niesterylny osad oeciekowy spowodował zarówno stymulację rozwoju, jak i aktywnooeci badanych grup bakterii i grzybów. Efekt ten na ogół najsilniej wystąpił na początku trwania dooewiadczenia i nasilał się wraz ze wzrostem dawki odpadu. Osad niesterylny wywarł silniejszy wpływ jedynie na mineralizację celulozy oraz aktywność dehydrogenazową, co może wskazywać na udział w nich drobnoustrojów osadowych.

10

Factors controlling pelagic production and respiration in a shallow polymictic lake

Wielgat-Rychter M., Rychter K., Ficek D.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 2

379-385

EN

Shallow lakes, defined as 'nonstratifying', polymictic water bodies are usually eutrophic and highly productive, and more turbid than deeper lakes due to bottom sediment resuspension. Gross primary production (GPP) and total planktonic community respiration (TCR) were measured in a very shallow (on average 1.2 m deep) and large (area 25 km2), polymictic, eutrophic Lake Gardno (Baltic coastal lake, Northern Poland) with the light-and-dark bottle method. The aim was to compare GPP to TCR ratio in the pelagic zone in a course of a year and identify factors governing these processes. Identified factors governing GPP were light conditions and temperature, with Q[10] = 2.23 in the 2-24.5[degrees]C temperature range, whereas TCR was driven by water temperature (Q[10] = 2.15 in the same temperature range) and by organic matter content in water. TCR was correlated with total suspended matter (effect of bottom sediment resuspension due to wind action in a very shallow lake), however not with chlorophyll content. During two-year measurement period (years 2006 and 2007), annual GPP amounted to 402 and 471 g C m[^-2], and TCR amounted to 192 and 223 g C m[^-2] respectively. Lake Gardno pelagic system seemed to be net autotrophic on annual basis; GPP to TCR ratio = 2.1. Part of the organic matter produced in pelagial is probably deposited in bottom sediments decomposed there. Wind induced resuspension increases matter content in water (measured here as TSM content) and thus contributes to pelagic respiration processes (TCR).

11

Wpływ procesu oddychania na kształtowanie środowiska dookoła człowieka

Bogdan M.

Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja

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2010

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T. 41, nr 5

182-185

PL

W artykule zebrano informacje o wpływie procesu oddychania na mikroklimat dookoła człowieka. Znajomość parametrów determinujących kształtowanie przepływu powietrza w najbliższym otoczeniu człowieka może okazać się przydatna w pracach prowadzących do poprawienia odczuwalnej jakości powietrza i komfortu cieplnego użytkowników.

EN

The article includes information about the effect of respiration on the microclimate around the human body. The knowledge of the parameters that determine the shape of the air flow in the closest human environment may prove useful in the works leading to the improvement of the air quality and heat comfort of the users.

12

Soil properties and microbial activity changes along spruce forest succession in an abandoned grassland

Gomoryova E.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2007

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Vol. 55, nr 3

457-467

EN

The effects of the colonization of an abandoned grassland by forest trees and the associated microenvironmental changes on soil properties and the microbial activity of soil were studied along a 170 m transect established on a former pasture colonized by Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) in Central Slovakia. The transect with a 5x5 m grid of sampling points crosses all successional stages from a closed forest to an open grassland, representing 50 years of secondary succession. Changes of basal soil respiration, substrate-induced respiration and soil catalase activity in association with tree density, light and temperature regime were examined, and their relationships with chemical soil properties were documented. Generally, light conditions, tree influence and soil temperatures were highly significantly correlated with the distance from the lower transect edge, but the correlation coefficients were not very high (|r| ranged between 0.37 and 0.70), indicating that the microsite conditions within the transect are strongly heterogeneous. With the advance of colonization, the amount of soil organic matter was found to increase, probably in association with a higher amount and a lower quality of litter. Catalase activity exhibits a linear trend along the transect, which is explained by a lower direct insolation of soils (r = 0.28***) and decreasing temperatures (r = 0.36***) in the upper part. Basal respiration is the lowest in the middle of the transect, where colonizing spruces form a dense closed stand with soil covered by a thick layer of raw litter. Both in the lower part covered by species-rich grassland communities and in the upper part, where forest herb species begin to establish, basal respiration is higher, probably due to higher amounts of easily decomposable plant material. In addition to these transect-wide trends, stationary spatial patterns were observed for most soil variables. Generally, microbial activity rates as well as chemical soil properties exhibited spatial continuity up to the distance of approx. 40 to 60 m.

13

Some problems with construction of the k-NN classifier for recognition of an experimental respiration pathology

Jóźwik A., Sokołowska B.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2002

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Vol. 3

MI89--97

EN

An objective of the work is to demonstrate some difficulties with construction of a classifier based on the k-NN rule. The standard k-NN classifier and the parallel k-NN classifier have been chosen as the two most powerful approaches. This kind of classifiers has been applied to automatic recognition of diaphragm paralysis degree. The classifier construction consists in determination of the number of nearest neighbors, selection of features and estimation of the classification quality. Three classes of muscle pathology, including the control class, and five ventilatory parameters are taken into account. The data concern a model of the diaphragm pathology in a cat. The animals were forced to breathe in three different experimental situations: air, hypercapnic and hypoxic conditions. A separate classifier is constructed for each kind of the mentioned situations. The calculation of the misclassification rate is based on the leave one out and on the testing set method. Several computational experiments are suggested for the correct feature selection, the classifier type choice and the misclassification probability estimation.

14

An example of computer aided decision-making system for recognition of respiration pathology

Jóźwik A., Sokołowska B., Budzińska K.

Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies

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2001

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Vol. 2, Part. 1

MI41--MI48

EN

A main objective of the work was presentation of a new statistic approach to an analysis of respiration data. The breathing with intact and denervated diaphragm was compared. The respiration process was desciribed by three parameters: breathing frequency, tidal volume, and minute ventilation. Experimental data concerned a group of twelve anaesthetised cats. These data were analysed by a modification of the well-known k nearest neighbour rule (k-NN). It has been adopted from the statistical pattern recognition theory. The three ventilatory parameters were used to recognise whether we deal with the normal or the pathological case. Certain percentage of misclassifications must be taken into account. This misclassification rate is a measure how strong is the dependence between the ventilation parameters and preservation of the diaphragm innervation. The proposed method promises good differentiation of the two compared ways of respiration. It offers nearly five times smaller misclassification rate as compared with the standard k-NN rule.

15

Toxic effect of cadmium on Hypericum perforatum plants and green alga Chlorella vulgaris

Kralova K., Masaravicova E., Bumbalova A.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2000

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Vol. 7, nr 11

1199-1205

EN

The effect of toxic metal - cadmium on twa representants, the medicinal plant Hypericum perforatum L. and green alga Chlorella vulgaris Beijer bas been studied. We investigated the effect of cadmium (12 [mu]M Cd(N03)2; pH = 5.5) on growth, plant biomass (root and shoot) and root dark respiration rate of H. perforatum as well as cadmium accumulation in all plant organs. The highest Cd concentration was found in the root (1792 [mu]g g^-1 d.w.) which was 8-times higher concentration that in the stem and 6-times higher than in the leaves. The effect of cadmium treatment on the content of iron, manganese and carrer in individual plant organs bas been also determined. Cd administration did not affect the growth and dry biomass of the shoot and root and the root : shoot ratio. However, the root dark respiration rate of the Cd-treated plants was faster than those of the control plants. The interaction of cadmium with chlorophyll a situated in pigmentprotein complexes of photosynthetic centres of H. perforatum chloroplasts bas been confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy. Cadmium inhibited the growth, łatał chlorophyll and carotenoids content in statically cultivated Chlorella vulgaris (7d, 16h light/8h dark). The production of chlorophyll a in algae was affected more pronouncedly than that of chlorophyll b and consequently the ratio of Chl a : Chl b showed a decrease with the increasing of cadmium concentration.

PL

Zbadano wpływ toksycznego metalu - kadmu na dwie rośliny: roślinę leczniczą - Hypericum perforatum L. i algę zieloną - Chlorella vulgaris Beijer. Badano wpływ kadmu (12 [mu]M Cd(N03)2; pH = 5,5) na wzrost, biomasę roślin (korzenia i pędu) oraz tempo ciemnej respiracji korzenia H. perforatum, jak również akumulacje kadmu we wszystkich organach roślinnych. Największe stężenie kadmu stwierdzono w korzeniu (1792 [mu]g g^-1 s.m.) i było ono 8 razy większe niż stężenie w łodydze i 6 razy większe niż w liściach. Oznaczano także wpływ traktowania kadmem na zawartość żelaza, manganu i miedzi w poszczególnych organach. Traktowanie kadmem nie miało wpływu na rozrost i suchą biomasę pędu i korzenia oraz na stosunek masy korzenia do pędu. Jednakże szybkość ciemnej respiracji korzenia roślin traktowanych kadmem było szybsze niż miało to miejsce w przypadku roślin kontrolnych. Potwierdzono także, za pomocą spektroskopii fluorescencyjnej, interakcje pomiędzy kadmem a chlorofilem a znajdującym się w białku pigmentowym kompleksów centrów fotosyntetycznych chloroplastów H. perforatum. Kadm inhibował wzrost, zawartość całkowitą chlorofilu i karotenoidów w statycznie hodowanych Chlorella vulgaris (7d, 16 h światła/8 h ciemności). Oddziaływanie kadmu na produkcję chlorofilu a w algach było znacznie wyraźniejsze niż na produkcję chlorofilu b i w rezultacie stosunek Chl a : Chl b malał wraz ze wzrostem stężenia kadmu.