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PL
W artykule omówiono zagadnienia związane ze stosowaniem okularów przeciwsłonecznych podczas wykonywania czynności zawodowych. Przeanalizowano podstawowe funkcje takich okularów oraz parametry charakteryzujące stosowane w nich filtry ochronne, zwłaszcza w zakresie interpretacji widmowej charakterystyki przepuszczania promieniowania optycznego. Przedstawiono wymagania techniczne stawiane takim okularom na podstawie aktualnej normy PN-EN ISO 16321-1:2022-10. Przytoczono argumenty za używaniem okularów przeciwsłonecznych, w których zastosowano filtry zapobiegające zjawisku olśnienia, które w skrajnych przypadkach bywa przyczyną sytuacji niebezpiecznych (kolizji drogowych, upadków z wysokości). Ponadto wyjaśniono różnice między okularami przeciwsłonecznymi do użytku zawodowego i codziennego oraz podano wskazówki dotyczące wyboru okularów przeciwsłonecznych spełniających wszystkie wymagania bezpieczeństwa, a jednocześnie zapewniających wygodę użytkowania. Celem artykułu jest pokazanie, jak odpowiednie okulary przeciwsłoneczne mogą się przyczynić do poprawy komfortu i bezpieczeństwa pracy.
EN
The article discusses issues related to the use of sunglasses during professional activities. The basic functions of such glasses and the parameters characterizing the protective filters used in them were analyzed, especially in terms of the interpretation of the spectral characteristics of light transmission. The technical requirements for such glasses are presented on the basis of the current PN-EN ISO 16321-1:2022-10 standard. Arguments for the use of sunglasses with anti-glare filters have been cited (in extreme cases, sunglare may be the cause of dangerous situation: road collisions, falls from heights). In addition, the article explains the differences between sunglasses for professional use and glasses for everyday use, and gives tips on choosing sunglasses that meet all safety requirements while ensuring comfort of use. The aim of the article is to show how the right sunglasses can contribute to improving the comfort and safety of work.
2
Content available remote Skin Cancer and UV Protection
EN
The incidence of skin cancer is increasing by epidemic proportions. Basal cell cancer remains the most common skin neoplasm, and simple excision is generally curative. On the other hand, aggressive local growth and metastasis are common features of malignant melanoma, which accounts for 75% of all deaths associated with skin cancer. The primary cause of skin cancer is long exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UV-R) crossed with the amount of skin pigmentation and family genetics. It is believed that in childhood and adolescence, 80% of UV-R gets absorbed while in the remaining, 20 % gets absorbed later in the lifetime. This suggests that proper and early photoprotection may reduce the risk of subsequent occurrence of skin cancer. Reducing the exposure time to sunlight, using sunscreens and protective textiles are the three ways of UV protection. Most people think that all the clothing will protect them, but it does not provide full sun screening properties. Literature sources claim that only 1/3 of the spring and summer collections tested give off proper UV protection. This is very important during the summer months, when UV index is the highest. Fabric UV protection ability highly depends on large number of factors such as type of fiber, fabric surface, construction, porosity, density, moisture content, type and concentration of dyestuff, fluorescent whitening agents, UV-B protective agents (UV absorbers), as well as nanoparticles, if applied. For all of these reasons, in the present paper, the results of UV protecting ability according to AS/NZS 4399:1996 will be discussed to show that standard clothing materials are not always adequate to prevent effect of UV-R to the human skin; and to suggest the possibilities for its improvement for this purpose enhancing light conversion and scattering. Additionally, the discrepancy in UV protection was investigated in distilled water as well as Adriatic Sea water.
3
EN
The destructive effects of sun UV radiation on human skins are now very clear to everyone. Most of the present studies were focused on the fabrics’ structural parameters such as density, warp and weft yarns finenesses, fabric pattern and printing or finishing treatments applied to the fabrics. The aim of this work is achieving a technique through which the produced fabrics possess a higher UV-protection ability. For this purpose, two different metals including aluminium and copper yarns were employed in fabrics production process and their effects on UV-protection ability of the produced fabrics were investigated. Six different fabric samples comprised of either cotton/polyester, nylon yarns as the warp yarns as well as either aluminium or copper yarns as the weft yarns were produced. Using the spectrophotometer technique, which is known as one of the UPF measuring method, the absorbency and reflectivity of fabrics within the specified range of electromagnetic waves (specially the UV radiation) were determined. The results illustrated that the higher UV absorbency was related to the fabric possessing the copper yarns in their structures. It was concluded that the absorption ability of nylon fabrics is higher than that of the cotton/polyester samples.
EN
A new approach for the dyeing and UV protection of cotton fabric using Henna extract was investigated. In this study, 3-chloro-2-hydroxy propyl, trimethylammonium chloride was used to substitute metallic mordants (heavy-metal salts) in the pre-treatment of cotton fabric. This will eventually prevent heavy metal pollution as well as facilitate dyeing without the addition of salt. Cationised cotton fabrics were dyed with Henna extract at different dyeing temperatures for different dyeing times. Colour strength, fastness properties (washing, rubbing and light), UV-blocking and tensile strength were investigated. Cationised fabric dyed with Henna extract exhibited outstanding enhancement in UV protection with minimal impact on the tensile strength. Enhancement or decrement in UV protection and colour strength was found to be governed by the dyeing temperature and dyeing time.
PL
W prawadzonych badaniach zastosowano chlorek 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylo-trimetylooamonowy dla zastąpienia metalicznych zapraw (soli metali ciężkich) do wstępnej obróbki materiałów bawełnianych. Powinno to zapobiec zanieczyszczeniu ciężkimi metalami, jak również ułatwić barwienie bez dodatku soli. Kationizowane materiały bawełniane były barwione ekstraktem henny przy rożnych temperaturach i czasach barwienia. Badano intensywność koloru, odporność na pranie, tarcie i światło, jak również lokowanie promieniowania UV i właściwości wytrzymałościowe. Kationizowane materiały barwione za pomocą ekstraktu henny wykazywały wybitne zwiększenie barierowości UV przy minimalnym wpływie na wytrzymałość mechaniczną. Na zwiększenie lub spadek właściwości zabezpieczających przed UV i intensywność koloru miały wpływ temperatura i czas barwienia.
5
Content available remote Light Conversion and Scattering in UV Protective Textiles
EN
The primary cause of skin cancer is believed to be a long exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UV-R) crossed with the amount of skin pigmentation in the population. It is believed that in childhood and adolescence 80% of UV-R gets absorbed, whilst in the remaining 20% gets absorbed later in the lifetime. This suggests that proper and early photoprotection may reduce the risk of subsequent occurrence of skin cancer. Textile and clothing are the most suitable interface between environment and human body. It can show UV protection, but in most cases it does not provide full sun screening properties. UV protection ability highly depends on large number of factors such as type of fibre, fabric surface and construction, type and concentration of dyestuff, fluorescent whitening agent (FWA), UV-B protective agents, as well as nanoparticles, if applied. Based on electronically excited state by energy of UV-R (usually 340-370 nm), the molecules of FWAs show the phenomenon of fluorescence giving to white textiles high whiteness of outstanding brightness by reemitting the energy at the blue region (typically 420-470 nm) of the spectrum. By absorbing UV-A radiation, optical brightened fabrics transform this radiation into blue fluorescence, which leads to better UV protection. Natural zeolites are rock-forming, microporous silicate minerals. Applied as nanoparticles to textile surface, it scatters the UV-R resulting in lower UV-A and UV-B transmission. If applied with other UV absorbing agents, e.g. FWAs, synergistic effect occurs. Silicones are inert, synthetic compounds with a variety of forms and uses. It provides a unique soft touch, is very resistant to washing and improves the property of fabric to protect against UV radiation. Therefore, the UV protective properties of cotton fabric achieved by light conversion and scattering was researched in this paper. For that purpose, the stilbene-derived FWAs were applied on cotton fabric in wide concentration range without/with the addition of natural zeolite or silicone- polydimethylsiloxane. UV protection was determined in vitro through ultraviolet protection factor. Additionally, the influence to fabric whiteness and hand was researched.
PL
Jednym z kierunków rozwoju przemysłu dziewiarskiego jest poszukiwanie nowych technologii wytwarzania nowoczesnych, wielofunkcyjnych wyrobów barierowych. Eliminują one bądź zmniejszają negatywny wpływ czynników zewnętrznych na człowieka, zapewniając jednocześnie dobre właściwości fizjologiczne. Niniejsza praca dotyczy właściwości barierowych dzianin przeznaczonych na odzież chroniącą przed szkodliwym promieniowaniem UV. Prowadzone badania mają na celu określenie wpływu zastosowanego surowca, splotu, parametrów strukturalnych dzianin oraz sposobu wykończenia na poziom wskaźnika UPF.
EN
One of the field of knitting industry development is searching new manufacturing technologies of modern, multifunctional barrier products. They eliminate or decrease the negative influence of external agents on a human with giving good physiological properties. This paper is connected with barrier properties of knitted fabrics designer for protective clothing against harmful UV radiation. Realised tests are aimed for describing the influence of used raw material, stitch, knitted fabrics structural parameters and way of finishing on the level of UPF indicator.
9
Content available remote Selected applications of nanotechnology in textiles
EN
The use of nanotechnology in the textile industry has increased rapidly due to its unique and valuable properties. The present status of nanotechnology use in textiles is reviewed, with an emphasis on improving various properties of textiles.
PL
Promieniowanie UV, zwłaszcza w zakresie UVA i UVB silnie oddziałuje na skórę ludzką. Jedną z metod ochrony skóry przed tymi zakresami promieniowania jest stosowanie filtrów ochronnych zawartych w preparatach promieniochronnych - kremach, żelach i emulsjach. W artykule przedyskutowano stosowane metody badania, oznaczania i klasyfikacji preparatów chroniących przed UVA i UVB.
EN
This article discusses the biological effects of UV range radiation and methods of testing sun protecting products. Sunscreens in protecting creams, gels and emulsions should be examined especially carefully to assure the best protecting effect.
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