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Radiative Properties of a Red Phosphorus Based Combustion Flame

Koch Ernst-Christian

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

2022

Vol. 19, no. 1

5--17

The spectral energy, Eλ (in J·g–1·sr–1), of a model obscurant composition containing red phosphorus (P(red), 59 wt.%), Zr (15 wt.%), potassium nitrate (KNO3, 21 wt.%) and a polyacrylate binder (5 wt.%), was determined in band II (λ = 3-5 μm) and band V (λ = 8-14 μm). The spectral energy obtained in band V was higher than the spectral energy in band II. The band ratio V/II and spectral energy indicated that the combustion flame of the pyrolant cannot be described as a graybody. A combined DTA/TG analysis under anaerobic conditions revealed an initial exotherm followed by an endothermic process, the latter coinciding with a mass loss of >40 wt.%, indicative of the vaporization of P(red).

Effect of Adding 5-Aminotetrazole to a Modified U.S. ArmyTerephthalic Acid White Smoke Composition

Glück J., Klapötke T. M., Shaw A. P.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

2017

Vol. 14, no. 3

489--500

Military visible obscuration compositions (obscurants, smokes) play an important role on today’s battlefield. For many years, the known toxicity or ageing problems of established formulations were commonly accepted since there was a lack of alternatives. Since the U.S. Army stopped producing the AN-M8 hexachloroethane (HC) smoke grenade, the M83 terephthalic acid (TA) smoke grenade has been used in its place. This cool-burning, less toxic, but also low efficiency white smoke formulation cannot compete with HC-based formulations in terms of obscuration performance. In this context, we have explored the use of 5-aminotetrazole (5-AT) as an additive and fuel in the known TA system. Remarkably, it has been found that sugar is not necessarily required in the formulations, which has implications for the future improvement of sublimation-condensation smoke compositions, including coloured smoke compositions. In small-scale tests, it was found that replacing sucrose with 5-AT in the formulations resulted in significantly improved smoke persistence.