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Środki kontrastowe do obrazowania magnetyczno-rezonansowego na przykładzie związków kompleksowych żelaza

Kuźnik N., Wyskocka M.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

2013

[Z] 67, 7-8

665--694

Nuclear magnetic resonance is already a broadly exploited phenomenon both in chemistry and medicine. Magnetic resonance imaging is a routine technique in medical diagnosis readily applied for soft tissues like brain, cardiovascular system or gastrointestinal tract. Contrast agents stepped into the field and enabled better recognition of a lesion in the early stage of a disease. The authors present an introductory description of a fascinating history, classification of contrast agents followed by the mechanisms of their action. Classes of positive and negative contrast agents are described. Further discussion is focused on the T1 (positive) molecular species. The mechanism was divided into (1) inner sphere, where both direct coordination of water molecule and its presence in second sphere is considered (Fig. 1) [1] and (2) an outer sphere mechanism which is assumed for the water molecules diffusing into the surrounding of the paramagnet [21, 28]. Further, the most important requirements for medical applications are given. Those are: high relaxivity, charge-osmolality, stability, toxicity via potential transmetallation of redox activity [42]. Molecular examples are quoted based on previously investigated iron complexes. Majority of them are iron(III) species [68], however, some iron(II) compounds like activable, self-immolative or ParaCEST systems have recently appeared [86, 89]. Iron compounds as positive contrast agents may soon accompany classic gadolinium complexes.

Hydrogen interactions in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Histogram-based Segmentation of Brain Tissues

Gułkowski S., Olchowik J. M.

Materials Science Poland

2006

Vol. 24, No. 4

1051--1056

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a very popular, non-invasive medical diagnostic technique providing images of the human body. The method, commonly used in clinics and hospitals all over the world, is based on the magnetic properties of hydrogen atom and its interactions with magnetic field. MR images show differences in water content and distribution in various body tissues. Even different tissues in the same organ, such as the gray and white matter in brain, can easily be distinguished. For a precise analysis of the images obtained in the result of MR examination, special computer applications are used. The paper presents the basis for the magnetic resonance imaging and description of the method of brain segmentation which could be a useful software tool in daily medical diagnosis practice.

Detecting pathologies in magnetic resonance images of brain

Sędziwy A.

Image Processing & Communications

2003

Vol. 9, no 1-2

53-62

This article contains the algorithm of processing the computer images obtained during magnetic resonance examination. The purpose of the algorithm is to search automatically for the pathologies presence in such images and to make the rough estimation of their size. It is accomplished by analyzing the axial symmetry of processed pictures. Described procedure applies also to the computer tomography data and may be extended by the functionality of the qualitative and quantitative description of detected pathologies.