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Three dimensional graphene in nanocomposites—structure-property scenarios and EMI/GAMMA shielding potential

Kausar Ayesha

Advances in Materials Science

2025

Vol. 25, nr 3(85)

104--126

The present review article is planned to systematically unfold salient worth of three dimensional graphene based polymeric nanocomposites for radiation shielding (electromagnetic, nuclear, gamma, fast neutrons) purposes. As per literature reports so far, we discuss polymer/three dimensional graphene nanocomposites for variety of thermoplastic, thermoset, and conjugated matrices employed for related high end material designs. Accordingly, multifunctional hybrids of three dimensional graphene have been fabricated via facile/resourceful fabrication techniques, including solution processing, in situ method, melt technique, freeze drying, hydrothermal tactic, printing, foaming, and allied synthesis procedures. The ensuing three dimensional graphene based hybrids/nanomaterials have been analyzed for microstructural, structural integrity, electron/charge conduction, dielectric features, permittivity, radiation shielding effectiveness, shielding efficiency, and other features desirable for nuclear/gamma/electromagnetic radiation protection application. Besides, underlying mechanisms of radiation attenuation have also been argued, as per scientific surveys. It seems that performance of hierarchical graphene nanoassmblies relies upon nanoarchitectural adaptability, interfacial interactions/wettability, and structure-property synergies. Eventually, inimitable polymer/three dimensional graphene nanocomposites have been found promising to meet technological demands of radiation shielding in aeronautics, devices, defense, and nuclear power plant industries. Despite practical success of radiation shielding three dimensional graphene hybrids, in spite of pristine graphene, future deployment in related industrial modules seems to be connected to focused experimental/theoretical endeavors by field researchers to overcome underlying design/property/performance challenges.

Radiation shielding performance of high entropy alloys and derived nanomaterials towards nuclear irradiation/electromagnetic interference environments - fundamentals and technicalities

Kausar Ayesha

Advances in Materials Science

2025

Vol. 25, nr 2(84)

73--103

Recently, we note, high entropy alloys have attained incalculable research curiosity owing to remarkable elemental combinations, microstructural features, phase structure/stability, and superior physical characters mainly mechanical, thermal, and corrosion resistance under extreme working conditions. Interestingly, these materials have been found capable of sustaining the mechanical and anticorrosion properties at considerably high temperatures. In addition to the energy, engineering, and biomedical fields, high entropy alloys have been frequently explored for radiation protection applications. In nuclear sector, high entropy alloys and nanocomposite alloys exhibited worthy radiation defense towards wide ranging energetic particles including fast neutrons, gamma rays, electrons/ions, and other radionuclides. Consequently, plentiful high entropy alloys and related nanomaterial (nanocarbons, polymers, inorganic) designs have been found promising as functional bulk material/coatings for nuclear radiation as well as electromagnetic interference defiance. Accordingly, the appropriate experimental as well as theoretical approaches have been applied to study the structure, durability, and nuclear shielding effectiveness. In this context, various active mechanisms have been reported, including the micro-level changes, phase transformations, reduced thermal conductivity, and related radiation induced effects. Henceforth, this all-inclusive state-of-the-art overview, we believe, enlightens the significance of high performance high entropy alloys and nanomaterials for technical radiation defense applications against nuclear and electromagnetic interfering irradiations. In addition to radiation shielding parameters, the next generation high entropy alloy shields have been surveyed for synergistic mechanical, thermal, and anticorrosion features desirable against extreme nuclear/fission reactors environments.