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PL
W artykule autorzy przedstawili wybrane normy opisujące kompatybilność EMC w obszarze automatyki i robotyki. Dokonali analizy specyfiki oddziaływań zaburzeń na zrobotyzowane linie technologiczne. Zaprezentowali możliwości pozwalające uzyskać kompatybilność w dopuszczalnym zakresie a także w jaki sposób można ograniczyć źródła i siły oddziaływań EMC.
EN
In this article, the authors present selected standards describing EMC compatibility in the field of automation and robotics. The analysis of the specificities of disturbance effects on robotic technology lines. They demonstrated the ability to achieve acceptable compatibility and how to reduce the sources and forces of EMC interactions.
2
Content available Certyfikacja : status wyrobu
PL
Udzielanie certyfikacji na czas określony powoduje, że na rynku są dostępne wyroby o identycznych właściwościach, ale wyroby te nie muszą mieć jednakowego statusu. Status wyrobu certyfikowanego będzie miał z pewnością wyrób, który został wyprodukowany oraz wprowadzony do obrotu w okresie obowiązywania certyfikatu. W artykule podjęto rozważania w jaki sposób należy traktować wyroby, które nie spełniają powyższych warunków oraz kiedy wyrób może utracić status wyrobu certyfikowanego.
EN
Providing certification for a limited period means that the market available products having identical characteristics, but these products do not need to have equal status. Certified product status will certainly a product that has been manufactured and marketed during the term of the certificate. The paper elaborates on how to treat products that do not fulfil the above conditions.
EN
A special wagon, presented in the paper, can be used for intermodal transport of various types of vehicles. It enables transport of vehicles of 36 tons mass and height of 4m on the GB1 clearance height. An innovative wagon is equipped with a frame-support with marginal parts mounted on standard biaxial bogies and the central part lowered with a rotatable loading platform. The rotating part of wagon acts as a kind of platform, allowing truck to move through it during load/unload. During railway operation, this rotating platform is to become an integrated part of the wagon; the tailboards of the rotating part will be connected to the over-bogie part with the special locks. A unique concept of the wagon structure forced a design approach which was rather unusual for the rail industry. Since the design team aimed at very challenging demands of GB1 envelope and usage of standard bogies, the layout of the wagon had to be thoroughly examined in terms of its overall stiffness. Every major design change had to be simulated in order to accurately predict its influence on the whole wagon structure. FE analysis was used for numerical tests of such a wagon structure in different configurations. The calculations were carried out on the basis of PN-EN standards. Selected results of numerical tests of the prototype version of a such wagon for intermodal transports were presented in the paper.
EN
Creep of concrete causes stress redistribution in particular cross-sections of steel-concrete composite girder, and in statically indeterminate structures - also hyper-static variables. According to PN-EN creep effects may be assessed using equivalent relationship of elasticity module of steel and concrete: [formula]. It is shown that coefficient ,,ψL” is a function. In design constant values of ,,ψL” may be used. They depend only on the reason of creep. PN-EN gives only one value of ,,ψL” or each reason of creep. The paper shows that using two values of the coefficient is correct. In PN-EN the terms of primary creep effects and secondary creep effects are introduced. They were not used before in Polish technical and scientific literature. The paper explains meaning of the terms. Algorithms and examples of computation of creep effects in continuous composite girders due to dead loads and concrete shrinkage are given. The algorithms consist of two stages. In the first stage primary effects of creep are computed and in the second stage - secondary effects. It enables easy approach to the analysis of statically indeterminate structures.
5
Content available remote Obliczanie na zmęczenie obiektów mostowych w ujęciu norm PN-EN
EN
Cyclic loads may cause damage in the constructions as a result of fatigue. General rules for determining all effects on bridges are specified in PN-EN 1990 and Appendix A2. Verification if there is no structural damage due to fatigue should be performed in accordance with the scheme of PN-EN, include the scope of the Ultimate Limit Stage (ULS) verifications. For the reason, that fatigue failure does not occur as a result of the load of a fixed maximum value but as a result of repetition of imposing load on an average level of internal forces, the effect of fatigue depends strongly on the properties of construction materials - steel and concrete. Thus, the effect, in the form of fatigue may be quite different in the case of steel bridges, concrete bridges or even a composite steel-concrete bridges. Therefore, the rules for determining the fatigue load are not specified in the overall standard, but are moved to detailed design standards: PN-EN 1992 to PN-EN 1999. Because of the high complexity of the fatigue verification, in the work the general fatigue calculation rules are presented.
6
Content available remote Obciążenia mostów kolejowych w świetle norm europejskich
EN
General features of PN-EN approach to traffic loads on railway bridges are describes. Vertical and horizontal traffic loads models are presented in details. Additionally are the basic information on wind loads describes.
7
Content available remote Inżynierskie ujęcie analizy dynamicznej kładek dla pieszych według PN-EN
EN
Designing of light footbridges, sometimes with an innovative and complicated form, it is now quite popular. The relatively low weight of the superstructure and its small stiffness adversely affect the dynamic behaviour. Even the proper design and execution of the footbridge structure, in accordance with current standards does not provide a sufficient guarantee of non-occurrence of excessive vibration due to the random nature of the impact of pedestrians or wind. In this paper the recommendations of the dynamic analysis of footbridges contained in PN-EN 1991, EN 1991-2, EN 1991-1-4, PN-EN 1995-2 and basic standard PN-EN 1990 with current patches and existing national attachments are presented. The main purpose of this article is synthesis and analysis of computational methods in dynamics on footbridges and some proposal for algorithm of dynamic design.
PL
Opublikowana w maju 2006 r. przez Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny Norma Europejska PN-EN 14351-1:2006 (U) Okna i drzwi - Norma wyrobu, właściwości eksploatacyjne - Część 1: Okna i drzwi zewnętrzne bez właściwości dotyczących ognioodporności ogniowej i/lub dymoszczelnosci jest do czasu ogłoszenia jej w Dzienniku Urzędowym Wspólnot Europejskich jako normy zharmonizowanej, tylko prawem technicznym.
PL
Zgodnie z systematyką wprowadzoną przez normy PN-EN kruszywa dzielimy na naturalne, sztuczne i z recyklingu. Do kruszyw naturalnych należą wszystkie kruszywa pochodzenia mineralnego, które poza przeróbką mechaniczną nie zostały poddane żadnej innej obróbce. Kruszywa naturalne to również grysy ze skał litych. Przedstawia się krótką charakterystykę przedsiębiorcy oraz wyniki badań niektórych cech fizykochemicznych kruszyw. Badania kruszyw przeprowadzone zostały w 2004 r.
EN
In compliance with the systematics introduced by the PN-EN norms, natural aggregates are divided into natural, artificial and these being recycled. Natural aggregates consist of all mineral aggregates which except from a mechanic processing did not undergo any other process. Also chippings from hard stone belong to natural aggregates. Short characteristics of a manufacturer and the test results of some physical-chemical features are presented. Aggregate tests were conducted in 2004.
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