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Gospodarka pierwotnymi nośnikami energii w Polsce a ochrona środowiska przyrodniczego

Mokrzycki E., Uliasz-Bocheńczyk A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

2009

Tom 11

104-131

At present, the progress of civilization depends upon the energy demand. This results in the increasing use of energetic resources, especially primary energy carriers: hard coal and lignite, oil and natural gas. Global resources of primary energetic resources (in 2005) were estimated at 900 mld ton (1 ton = 42 GJ). Within the structure of reserves of fossil energetic resources, solid resources (hard coal and lignite) amount to about 540 mld ton, which constitutes about 60% of the global resources. Global hard coal resources are estimated at about 431 mld ton. The USA has the greatest resources of hard coal - about 112.3 mld ton (about 26%), just before China - over 62 mld ton (over 14%). Hard coal in Poland can be found in 136 deposits, however, only 47 of them are managed. Poland has about 43 mld ton of balanced stocks of hard coal, with 16 mld ton of managed deposits, while industrial reserves (extraction resources) constitute only 4.2 mld ton. The extraction of hard coal in Poland in 2007 amounted to about 82.8 mln ton. Global lignite resources amount to about 417 mld ton. The greatest reserves of this carrier belong to the USA - about 130.5 mld ton (more than 31%) and Russia - about 108 mld ton (26%). The efficient resources of lignite in Poland amount to about 1.9 mld ton. The extraction takes place in the four lignite mines (Adamów, Bełchatów, Konin and Turów) and in 2007 amounted to 59.6 mln ton. The evidenced global reserves of oil constitute about 160 mld toe (19% of global reserves). The distribution of these resources is very uneven. More than 60% of oil reserves is located in the Middle East, with the three countries - Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq owning about 42% of the global reserves. In Poland, the oil resources have been recorded in 84 deposits and amount to about 23 mln ton, where about 20 mln ton are managed deposits, and about 15 mln ton - industrial resources. The oil extraction in Poland in 2007 amounts to 700.5 thous. ton, including: Polish Plain - 465 thous. ton, Baltic Shelf - 191 thous. ton, the Carpathian Mountains - 26.2 thous. ton and Carpa-thian Foreland - 18.3 thous. ton. Global natural gas reserves are estimated at about 161 mld toe (about 19% of primary global resources). The unconventional reserves of natural gas (among others - hydrates) are also estimated at about 280 mld toe. The greatest evidenced resources of natural gas occur in the Middle East (more than 40%) as well as in Russia (about 32% of global reserves). In Poland natural gas can be found in 263 deposits, out of which 181 deposits are managed. The balance stocks amount to about 139 mld m3 , with about 108 mld m3 of the gas in managed deposits. The extraction of natural gas in Poland in 2007 amounted to 5.18 mld m3, including: Polish Plain - 3 333.9 mln m3, Carpathian Foreland - 1 798.23 mln m3, the Carpathian Mountains - 30.3 mln m3 , Baltic Shelf - 21.01 mln m3. The methane recorded reserves of coal deposits in 51 deposits have been estimated at 99 mld m3, including 30 deposits in operational areas - 33 mld m3. There are numerous forecasts for national electric energy demand made by various institutions and authors. All of them (until 2030) assume electric energy production on the basis of primary stable energy carriers, thus, hard coal and lignite. These carriers are burdensome for the environment, since they are characterized by excessive greenhouse gases emission. The growing demand for direct energy, in accordance with ecological conditions, will require the use of clean technologies as well as disposal and deposition of CO2 - that is, CCS technologies (Carbon Capture and Storage). Since Poland joined the European Union in 2004, we have to face and prepare for all the changes which the European Commission has planned for the EU countries. The essential issue is the reduction of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide. There are many technologies allowing to capture CO2 from the stream of gases, and consequently, its sequestration by means of storage in the oceans, deep geological layers or mineral carbonation. In 2006 the EU-27 emitted greenhouse gases in the total amount of more than 5.14 mld ton of CO2 equivalent. The greatest emittant of greenhouse gases in the power economy is the power industry, which emitted 1.59 mld ton of CO2 equivalent. The emission of greenhouse gases in Poland amounted to 400.5 mln ton of CO2 equivalent, out of which 330 mln ton is CO2 emission. The international community - the UN, the EU and many developed countries - already in 1990s (and earlier), intended to counteract the negative impact of green-house gases and dust emission. The problem of the environment protection is presently a matter of great importance, as far as the strategy of global economy development. It has been the subject-matter of numerous conventions, protocols, conferences, directives, regulations and etc. Polish power industry and energo-chemical industry in 2008 were entitled to emit about 201 mln ton of CO2 (additional in the reserves for the new investments). In the next years coming Poland will not be able to meet the granted emission limits.