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EN
In this work the effect of crystal structure perfection on the creep resistance of single crystal superalloys. The CMSX-4 and CMSX-4®Plus with increased Re content is analyzed. Single crystal rods are made by directional solidification process at the withdrawal rates 3 and 5 mm/min. The evaluation of microstructure and crystal structure perfection are carried out by light microscopy and X-ray diffraction Ω-scan methods. Creep tests are performed according to ASTM E-139-11 standard at the temperature of 982°C. Mathematical models for the creep resistance of the models are developed for both investigated superalloys. The influence of the crystal structure on the the investigated superalloys are built and the steady state creep rates are determined. Creep strength of both superalloys are compared. The results show that the CMSX-4®Plus nickel superalloy exhibits nearly two times higher creep resistance compared to the conventional CMSX-4 one.
EN
The development of powder metallurgy methods in recent years has caused traditional casting methods to be replaced in many industrial applications. Using such methods, it is possible to obtain parts having the required geometry after a process that saves both manufacturing costs and time. However, there are many material issues that decrease the functionality of these methods, including mechanical properties anisotropy and greater susceptibility to cracking due to chemical segregation. The main aim of the current article is to analyze these issues in depth for two powder metallurgy manufacturing processes: laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and hot-pressing (HP) methods-selected for the experiment because they are in widespread use. Microstructure and mechanical tests were performed in the main manufacturing directions, X and Z. The results show that in both powder metallurgy methods, anisotropy was an issue, although it seems that the problem was more significant for the samples produced via LPBF SLM technique, which displayed only half the elongation in the building direction (18%) compared with the perpendicular direction (almost 38%). However, it should be noted that the fracture toughness of LPBF shows high values in the main directions, higher even than those of the HP and wrought samples. Additionally, the highest level of homogeneity even in comparison with wrought sample, was observed for the HP sintered samples with equiaxed grains with visible twin boundaries. The tensile properties, mainly strength and elongation, were the highest for HP material. Overall, from a practical standpoint, the results showed that HP sintering is the best method in terms of homogeneity based on microstructural and mechanical properties.
EN
The group of nickel-based superalloys produced in the DMLS (Direct Metal Laser Sintering) process is limited to materials, which produced conventionally do not have properties to allow to use them for rotating components of aircraft engines. This work attempts to optimize the technological parameters of the DMLS process for the Inconel 713C nickel superalloy. A heat treatment was performed for selected samples to investigate the effect on the morphology of the Ni3Al phase. The microstructure analysis and hardness tests were carried out. The material after the DMLS process was characterized by the presence of much smaller dendrites than the cast material and exceeded its hardness. Additionally, for the tested variants of heat treatment, the material was characterized by smaller sizes of the Ni3Al phase by more than half. In order to ensure the stability of the microstructure, further optimization of the dedicated heat treatment after the DMLS process is required, as the standard heat treatment for Inconel 713C cast nickel superalloy does not fully recrystallize the material.
PL
Grupa nadstopów niklu wytwarzanych w procesie DMLS (ang. Direct Metal Laser Sintering) ogranicza się do materiałów, które wytwarzane konwencjonalnie nie posiadają właściwości, pozwalających zastosować je na elementy wirujące silników lotniczych. W pracy podjęto próbę optymalizacji parametrów technologicznych procesu DMLS dla nadstopu niklu Inconel 713C. Dla wybranych próbek przeprowadzono obróbkę cieplną w celu zbadania jej wpływu na morfologię fazy Ni3Al. Przeprowadzono analizę mikrostruktury oraz badania twardości. Materiał po procesie DMLS charakteryzował się obecnością znacznie mniejszych dendrytów niż materiał odlewany oraz przewyższał jego twardość. Dodatkowo dla zbadanych wariantów obróbki cieplnej materiał charakteryzował się mniejszymi rozmiarami fazy Ni3Al o ponad połowę. W celu zapewnienia stabilności mikrostruktury, wymagana jest dalsza optymalizacja obróbki cieplnej dedykowanej po procesie DMLS, ponieważ standardowa obróbka cieplna dla odlewanego nadstopu niklu Inconel 713C nie zapewnia pełnej rekrystalizacji materiału.
EN
The paper presents an update of the recent literature on advances in machining of difficult to machine materials such as nickel and titanium-based alloys, and composites used in aeroengine and aerostructure applications. The review covers the following issues: advances in high-performance cooling techniques as cryogenic machining, minimum quantity lubrication, the combination of MQL and cryogenic cooling, and high-pressure lubricoolant supply and hybrid cutting processes – vibration assisted machining (both low and high frequency), laser, plasma and EDM assisted machining. Examples of applications in industrial processes are also given.
PL
Celem pracy była ocena wpływu laserowego odkształcania na mikrostrukturę i własności warstwy wierzchniej stopu niklu CMSX4. Proces laserowego odkształcania został przeprowadzony za pomocą impulsowego lasera Nd:YAG ReNOVAL - laser z modulacją Ԛ. Badania topografii powierzchni prowadzono za pomocą mikroskopu optycznego oraz elektronowego mikroskopu skaningowego. Badania mikrostruktury na przekroju poprzecznym wykonano za pomocą mikroskopów elektronowych skaningowego i transmisyjnego. Chropowatość powierzchni zmierzono profilometrem WYKO NT930. Badania nanotwardości na nanotwardościomierzu NHT 50-183 Instruments wyposażonym w wgłębnik Berkowicha, przeprowadzono na materiale wyjściowym, jak również po procesie LSP. Badania wykazały, że obróbka wiązką lasera o zastosowanych parametrach procesu LSP, powoduje odkształcenie plastyczne warstwy wierzchniej stopu niklu CMSX4, co prowadzi do wyraźnego wzrostu jej twardości.
EN
The influence of laser shock processing (LSP) on microstructure of the surface layer of the CMSX4 alloy was studied. The laser treatment was performed using a Q switched Nd:YAG ReNOVAL laser. Examination of the surface topography of the nickel alloy after LSP process was carried out by means of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the microstructure on the cross section was carried out by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The roughness of the surface was measured by WYKO NT930 equipment. Moreover, after the LSP treatment, nanohardness tests were conducted on the cross sections of the treated sample surfaces, as well as the untreated material. Nanoindentation tests were performed using nanoindenter NHT 50-183 Instruments equipped with a Berkovich diamond indenter. It has been found that the laser shock processing induced plastic deformation of the surface layer of the investigated CMSX4 nickel alloy, what involves significant hardness increasing.
EN
The article presents results of studies on metal resistance to erosive damage taking place under the influence of hydraulic cavitation. On the basis of earlier research, a hypothesis on fatigue character of erosive wear and a dependence of metal resistance to erosive damage on its crystalline lattice structure has been assumed. To verify this hypothesis, metals with different crystalline lattice structures like steel 45 (flat-centred structure), nickel 200/201 and nickel alloy Monel 400 (hexagonal structure) have been tested at a cavitation-strike stand. Results obtained there confirmed the assumed hypothesis, at the same time justifying the use of nickel protective coatings in fluid-flow machines.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań odporności metali na uszkodzenia erozyjne zachodzące pod wpływem kawitacji hydraulicznej. Na podstawie wyników wcześniejszych badań, przyjęto hipotezę o zmęczeniowym charakterze zużycia erozyjnego oraz zależności odporności metali na zniszczenia erozyjne od struktury ich sieci krystalicznej. Dla potwierdzenia przyjętej hipotezy na stanowisku kawitacyjno-udarowym sprawdzono metale z różnymi sieciami krystalicznymi: stal 45 (sieć płasko centralna), nikiel 200/201 oraz stop niklu Monel 400 (sieć heksagonalna). Otrzymane wyniki badań potwierdziły przyjętą hipotezę, wskazując tym samym na zasadność stosowania niklowych powłok ochronnych w maszynach przepływowych.
PL
Rozwój przemysłu energetycznego uwarunkowany jest wieloma czynnikami, do których przede wszystkim należy polityka Unii Europejskiej zobowiązująca przemysł do obniżenia emisji zanieczyszczeń NOx, CO2, SO2 do atmosfery. Podwyższenie parametrów pary jest możliwe dzięki zastosowaniu zaawansowanych materiałów, do których należą stopy niklu. Pomimo ich wysokich właściwości mechanicznych w wysokiej temperaturze, stopy niklu należą do materiałów trudnospawalnych ze względu na pojawiające się pęknięcia gorące w spoinie oraz strefie wpływu ciepła. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań skłonności stopu niklu Inconel 617, który jest przeznaczony na krytyczne elementy kotła energetycznego. Badania obejmują próby technologicznego spawania w warunkach wymuszonego odkształcenia w obecności gazu obojętnego elektrodą wolframową. W próbie wyznaczono wielkość odkształcenia oraz próg kruchości wysokotemperaturowej. Uzupełnieniem badań była analiza mikrostruktury płyt próbnych z obszaru pęknięcia za pomocą mikroskopu świetlnego oraz elektronowego mikroskopu skaningowego.
EN
The development of power industry depends on variety factors, which primarily include European Union policy that obliges the industry to reduce emission of NOx, CO2, S02 to the atmosphere. The increase of steam parameters is possible due to the use of advanced materials, which include nickel alloys. Despite their good mechanical properties at high temperatures, nickel alloys are difficult to weld due to the occurrence of hot cracks in the weld and the heat affected zone (HAZ). The article presents the results of susceptibility to hot cracking of Inconel 617 alloy, which is intended for critical elements of power boiler. The investigations include technological welding tests during forced deformations in the presence of inert gas with a tungsten electrode. In Transvarestraint test the amount of determination and the high temperature brittleness threshold were determined. Additionally, microanalysis tests sheets from cracking area by light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were done.
PL
Polityka dekarbonizacji energetyki prowadzona przez Unię Europejską i wynikające z niej coraz bardziej restrykcyjne przepisy w zakresie ochrony środowiska, wymagają zwiększenia sprawności cieplnej bloków energetycznych. Wyższa temperatura i ciśnienie pary w blokach pracujących przy tzw. nadkrytycznych, czy też ultranadkrytycznych parametrach wymuszają stosowanie materiałów spełniających wysokie wymagania właściwości użytkowych na elementy konstrukcyjne kotłów pracujące w określonych warunkach temperaturowo-naprężeniowych i agresywnego środowiska. Do nowoczesnych materiałów o wysokiej żarowytrzymałości i żaroodporności należy zaliczyć stopy o strukturze austenitycznej – stal austenityczna X7NiCrWCuCoNbNB25-23-3-3-2 (Sanicro 25) oraz stop niklu 23Cr-45Ni-6W-Nb-Ti-B (HR6W). W artykule przedstawiono charakterystykę tych stopów, która obejmowała analizę: składu chemicznego, obróbki cieplnej, mikrostruktury, mechanizmów umocnienia oraz właściwości mechanicznych.
EN
Decarbonization policy of the power industry pursued by the EU and the related more and more restrictive regulations of environment protection require increasing of power units thermal efficiency. Higher temperature and steam pressure in power units working with the supercritical or ultra supercritical parameters oblige to use materials that fulfil high requirements as to functional properties of boilers construction elements that work under certain conditions of temperature, stress and aggressive environment. Modern materials of high creep and heat resistance include alloys of austenitic structure – austenitic steel X7NiCrWCuCoNbNB25-23-3-3-2 (Sanicro 25) and nickel alloy 23Cr-45Ni-6W-Nb-Ti-B (HR6W). Presented is here the characteristics of these alloys, including the analysis of chemical composition, heat treatment, microstructure, strengthening mechanisms and mechanical properties.
EN
Inconel 713C alloy belongs to the group of materials with high application potential in the aerospace industry. This nickel alloy has excellent features such as high strength, good surface stability, high creep and corrosion resistance. The paper presents the results of metallographic examinations of a base material and padding welds made by laser beam on the Inconel 713C alloy. The tests were made on precisely cast test plates imitating low - pressure turbine blades dedicated for the aerospace industry. Observations of the macro- and microstructure of the padding welds, heat-affected zone and base material indicate, that the Inconel 713C alloy should be classified as a hard-to-weld material. In the investigated joint, cracking of the material is disclosed mainly in the heat-affected zone and at the melted zone interface, where pad weld crystals formed on partially melted grains. The results show that phases rich with chromium and molybdenum were formed by high temperature during welding process, which was confirmed by EDS analysis of chemical composition.
10
EN
Inconel 713C is a nickel-based casting alloy characterised by improved heat and creep resistance [1]. It is used e.g. in aircraft engine components, mainly in the form of precision castings. Precision casting enables very good reproduction of complex shapes. However, due to major differences in casting wall thickness and the resultant differences in rigidity, defects can form in precision castings. The most common defects in precision castings are shrinkage porosities and microcracks. Inconel 713C is considered to be a difficult-to-weld or even non-weldable alloy. However, the need to repair precision castings requires attempts to develop technologies for their remelting and pad welding which could be used in industrial practice. This article presents the results of tests consisting in TIG pad welding of defects identified in precision castings intended for the aircraft industry. It was found that the main reason behind failed attempts at repairing precision castings by welding technologies was hot cracking in the fusion zone. Such cracks form as a result of the partial melting of intercrystalline regions along the fusion line. The deformations occurring during the crystallization of the melting-affected zone (fusion zone + partially melted zone + heat affected zone) or pad weld lead to the rupture of the intercrystalline liquid film. Hot cracks form within the so-called high-temperature brittleness range (HTBR) of the alloy. Another type of cracks that was identified were ductility dip cracks (DDC), whose formation is related to the partial melting of carbides.
EN
Paper presents some investigations concerning FEM simulation analysis and optimization of turning process of the external engine block surface. As a part of examinations carried out, selected cutting operations of upper flange were analyzed. These concerned facing, external and internal turning. To conduct the feed speed optimization process a force model was built which enabled to calculate cutting forces values depending on cutting parameters and cross section of machined layer. The optimization research had the aim to stabilize the time course of cutting force values taking place during machining.
12
Content available remote Badania przetopionego stopu na osnowie niklu w symulowanym środowisku chemicznym
PL
Dokonano oceny wpływu ponownego przemysłowego wykorzystania stopów NiCrMo w symulowanym środowisku chemicznym. Przeprowadzono badania elektrochemiczne metodą potencjodynamiczną oraz badano skład chemiczny przetapianych odlewów, a do oceny struktury zastosowano mikroskopię elektronową.
EN
Once and twice remelted Ni-based NiCrMo dental alloy samples were studied for corrosion resistance and change in chem. comp. The remelted alloys showed decreased corrosion resistance and an increased C content.
PL
Celem pracy było zbadanie zmian mikrostruktury (głównie procesy wydzielania) w następstwie działania cyklicznych zmian temperatury i/lub obciążenia. W szczególności przetestowano możliwości badawcze dylatometru DIL805A-/D/T w zakresie zastosowania równoległych cyklicznych zmian temperatury i obciążenia w próbkach stali dla energetyki. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań zaobserwowano, że w strukturze odkształcanych stali nastąpiła intensyfikacja procesów wydzielania węglików. W stosunku do stanu dostawy nastąpiło utworzenie na granicach ziaren ciągłej siatki wydzieleń. Stwierdzono, że odkształcenie i/lub cykliczne zmiany temperatury silniej oddziaływały na zmiany struktury stopu HR6W niż stali Sanicro 25.
EN
parallel temperature and load variations in specimens made of engineering steels for power plant constructions. In the microstructure of the samples subjected to deformation the intensification of carbides precipitation processes was found out. In comparison to the steel as delivered the net of carbides was created on the grains boundaries .The process of carbides precipitation caused by deformation and/or cyclic temperature variation was more advanced in HR6W alloy then in Sanicro 25 steel grades.
14
Content available remote Aluminide coatings on Inconel 617 obtained by slurry method with inorganic binder
EN
Purpose: The aim of this study was to manufacture and examine the structure of aluminide coatings formed on Ni-based super alloy Inconel 617 in an argon atmosphere. Design/methodology/approach: The coatings were produced by the slurry method at temperatures from 900 to 1100°C and times from 2 to 6 hours. The newly-developed slurry composition was: powders of aluminium and silicon; NaCl, KCl, NaF halide salts as an activator and a water solution of a soluble glass as an inorganic binder. The microstructure (SEM), chemical composition (EDS) and phase composition (XRD) of the coatings were determined. Additionally the correlation between the technological parameters and the coating thickness was analysed. Findings: Slurry aluminide coatings with newly-developed composition have been successfully produced. The obtained coatings had a multi-zone structure depending on manufacturing parameters. Research limitations/implications: The next stage of this research will be to determine the performance of the coatings under high temperature cyclic oxidation. Optimization of the production parameters will therefore be possible after oxidation and cyclic oxidation tests. Practical implications: The slurry method is economical due to low consumption of powder material. Another advantage of the applied slurry composition is the possibility of forming protective coatings on other substrates. Originality/value: The use of the inorganic binder in the slurry allowed to produce the coatings in one single step without additional annealing at an intermediate temperature as it is when applied organic binder. The grain size of aluminium and silicon powders was less than usually used. The applied activator dissolved the passive layers present on the surface both of the aluminum powder and of the nickel alloy and accelerated the reactions that occur during coating formation.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono problemy związane z wykonywaniem połączeń różnoimiennych typu Incoloy 800HT – austenityczna stal odporna na korozję 316L. Wykonano badania nieniszczące oraz niszczące, których wyniki pozwoliły na weryfikacje jakości wykonanych złączy próbnych. Nie stwierdzono występowania niezgodności spawalniczych oraz uzyskano wysokie właściwości wytrzymałościowe złączy. Badania metalograficzne ujawniły poprawne struktury w analizowanych obszarach złączy. Analiza EDS nie wykazała wydzieleń węglików chromu. Na tej podstawie wykazano poprawność zaproponowanej technologii spawania.
EN
In the article problems associated with making dissimilar joints made from nickel alloy Incoloy 800HT with stainless steel 316L were described. Performed non-destructive tests and destructive tests allowed for verifications of weld specimens. Not identified welding imperfections. Obtained mechanical properties above the assumed acceptance criteria. Metallographic microscope revealed the correct structure of the analyzed areas. EDS analysis showed no chromium carbides. Obtained findings confirmed the correctness of the applied welding procedure.
PL
Przedstawiono badania wpływu warunków szlifowania wgłębnego stopów niklu 201 na chropowatość. Próby przeprowadzono na szlifierce kłowej do wałków z wykorzystaniem ściernicy 39C54MVS. Zaprezentowano analizę wpływu wybranych warunków obróbki na zmiany parametrów chropowatości 2D i 3D szlifowanych przedmiotów.
EN
In the paper influence of grinding conditions on surface finish has been studied during grinding of nickel 201 alloy. Grinding tests have been done on cylindrical grinding machine with the use of 39C54MVS grinding wheel. An analysis of influence of selected grinding conditions on surface roughness 2D and 3D parameters has been presented.
EN
With increased requirements for quality and shelf life of machined parts there is also a higher share of the use of material with specific properties that are identified by the term “superalloys”. These materials differ from common steels by mechanical and physical properties that cause their worse machinability. During machining of “superalloys” worse machinability has negative influence primarily on the amount of cutting edge wear, which shortens durability of the cutting tool. The goal of experimental activity shown in this contribution is to determine individual mechanisms of the cutting edge wear and their effects on the cutting ability during high speed machining of nickel superalloy. A specific exchangeable cutting insert made from cubic boric nitride was used for machining of the 625 material according to ASM 5666F. The criteria to evaluate cutting ability and durability of the cutting tool became selected parameters of surface integrity and quality of the machined surface.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczące opisu struktury warstw Al–Si otrzymanych na stopie niklu Inconel 617 metodą zawiesinową z zastosowaniem różnych parametrów wytwarzania. Warstwy uzyskano, stosując temperaturę wygrzewania 800 i 1000°C oraz czas 2 godziny. Próbki zanurzano w wodnej zawiesinie proszków: aluminium, tlenku aluminium i krzemu, nieorganicznego spoiwa (szkło wodne) oraz aktywatora (stopiona mieszanka odpowiednio dobranych soli). Procentowy udział aktywatora i szkła wodnego ustalono na stałym poziomie. Zmieniano procentowy udział proszków w zawiesinie: 1) proszek Al i Si w proporcji 9/1, 2) proszek Al, Al2O3, Si w proporcji 4,5/4,5/1, 3) proszek Al2O3, Si w proporcji 9/1. Zmieniano również ilość nałożonej zawiesiny od 0,5 g/cm2 do 1,5 g/cm2. Wytwarzane warstwy cechuje budowa dwustrefowa. Określono skład chemiczny i fazowy uzyskanych warstw. Skład fazowy warstw wytworzonych przy różnej ilości nałożonej zawiesiny zawierającej aluminium i krzem jest podobny: Al(Ni, Co), Al3Ni2 i (Cr, Mo)3Si. W temperaturze 800°C, gdy w zawiesinie występuje tylko proszek krzemu i Al2O3, warstwa nie tworzy się. Natomiast w temperaturze 1000°C przy tym samym składzie zawiesiny ma ona skład fazowy zbliżony do warstw po krzemowaniu: Ni2Si oraz (Cr, Mo)3Si. Wykonano także pomiary grubości wytworzonych warstw. Zwiększenie ilości nakładanej zawiesiny wpływa na zwiększenie grubości warstw tylko do określonej zawartości (1 g/cm2).
EN
The paper presents results of research of aluminium–silicon coatings created by slurry method on nickel alloy Inconel 617 using various configurations of the slurry. Technological parameters of coatings manufacturing were changed i.e. annealing temperature and time: 800 and 1000°C, 2 h. The samples were immersed in an aqueous suspension of powders: aluminium oxide, aluminium and silicon, an inorganic binder (water glass) and activator (a molten mixture of suitably selected salts). Percentage of activator and water glass was set at a stable level. Percentage of powder in the slurry was changed: 1) a powder of Al and Si in a ratio of 9/1, 2) a powder of Al, Al2O3, Si in a proportion of 4.5/4.5/1; 3) Al2O3 powder, Si in a proportion of 9/1. The amount of applied slurry was changed as well from 0.5 g/cm2 to 1.5 g/cm2. The structure of obtained coatings is double layer. Chemical and phase composition were determined. The phase composition of the coating produced with different amount of deposition slurry containing aluminium and silicon is similar Al(Ni, Co), Al3Ni2 and (Cr, Mo)3Si. The coating was not formed at 800°C when the suspension was composed only of Al2O3 and silicon, but it was forming at a temperature 1000°C and it has a phase composition similar to the siliconised coatings: Ni2Si and (Cr, Mo)3Si. The thickness of the coatings was also measured. Increasing the amount of applied slurry increases the thickness of the coatings only to a content 1 g/cm2.
EN
Superalloys show a good combination of mechanical strength and resistance to surface degradation under the influence of chemically active environments at high temperature. They are characterized by very high heat and creep resistance. Their main application is in gas turbines, chemical industry, and in all those cases where resistance to creep and the aggressive corrosion environment is required. Modern jet engines could never come into use if not for progress in the development of superalloys. Superalloys are based on iron, nickel and cobalt. The most common and the most interesting group includes superalloys based on nickel. They carry loads at temperatures well in excess of the eighty percent of the melting point. This group includes the H282 alloy, whose nominal chemical composition is as follows (wt%): Ni - base, Fe - max. 1.5%, Al - 1.5% Ti - 2.1%, C - 0.06% Co - 10% Cr - 20% Mo - 8.5%. This study shows the results of thermal analysis of the H282 alloy performed on a cast step block with different wall thickness. Using the results of measurements, changes in the temperature of H282 alloy during its solidification were determined, and the relationship dT / dt = f (t) was derived. The results of the measurements taken at different points in the cast step block allowed identifying a number of thermal characteristics of the investigated alloy and linking the size of the dendrites formed in a metal matrix (DAS) with the thermal effect of solidification. It was found that the time of solidification prolonged from less than one minute at 10 mm wall thickness to over seven minutes at the wall thickness of 44 mm doubled the value of DAS.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki optymalizacji warunków zastosowania specjalnych podkładek ceramicznych do spawania aparatury z blach ze stopu niklu C-22 w osłonie gazu obojętnego. Podkreślono zalety ich użycia, tj. uzyskanie nieutlenionego przetopu, zapewnienie stałej wysokości grani, łatwość stosowania i możliwość wielokrotnego użytku.
EN
The results of optimization of special ceramic backings application for welding the Ni C-22 alloy sheets in inert gas has been presented. The advantages of their using i.e. obtaining the unoxidized butt joins with constant height, simplicity of application and possibility of reusing were stressed.
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