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1

Wpływ antropopresji na asymetrię fluktuacyjną igieł sosny zwyczajnej

Bęś A., Warmiński K., Błaszczok A., Roczeń A., Rutkowska K.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 1

86--95

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących wykorzystania igieł sosny zwyczajnej (Pinus sylvestris L.) jako biomarkera. Do oceny wpływu antropopresji na drzewostany sosny zwyczajnej wybrano wskaźniki asymetrii fluktuacyjnej (FAM i FAL) igieł. Materiał roślinny do badań pobrano z drzewostanów sosnowych rosnących przy drodze o dużym natężeniu ruchu, zakładzie petrochemicznym oraz składowisku odpadów innych niż obojętne i niebezpieczne. Przeprowadzone analizy wykazały istotne różnice w wartościach wskaźników asymetrii fluktuacyjnej (FA) igieł pobranych z drzewostanów rosnących najbliżej drogi szybkiego ruchu oraz składowiska odpadów komunalnych. Wraz ze zwiększaniem odległości od źródła zanieczyszczenia wartość wskaźników FAM i FAL malała. W świetle przeprowadzonych badań można uznać, iż wskaźnik asymetrii fluktuacyjnej (FA) igieł sosny zwyczajnej można zastosować do oceny wpływu antropopresji na drzewostany sosnowe jako uzupełniający dotychczas wykorzystywane.

EN

This paper presents the results of a study investigating the use of Scots pine needles as bioindicators. The impact of human pressure on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands was evaluated based on two indicators (FAM and FAL) of the fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of needles. The samples of plant material were collected from the Scots pine stands in the immediate vicinity of a road with high traffic intensity, a petroleum refinery and a landfill site for non-hazardous and inert wastes. The analysis revealed significant differences in the FA of needles collected from the stands beside the freeway and the municipal landfill site. The values of FAM and FAL decreased with an increasing distance from the pollution sources. The results of this study indicate that the FA of Scots pine needles could be a reliable indicator for assessing the impact of human pressure on Scots pine stands, complementary to those used traditionally.

2

Stężenia wybranych metali ciężkich w igłach sosny zwyczajnej z wybranych obszarów Polski

Gamrat R., Ligocka K.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 1

61--65

PL

Celem podjętych badań był wstępny monitoring stężeń wybranych metali ciężkich (Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn) w igłach sosny zwyczajnej (Pinus sylvestris L.) w zależności od miejsca poboru próbek. Do badań wytypowano trzy obszary badawcze (Świeradów Zdrój, Świnoujście, Byszyno), z których pobrano łącznie 14 próbek zbiorczych. Stężenia metali ciężkich oznaczone w próbkach igieł sosny zwyczajnej pochodzących z jednego obszaru badawczego są zbliżone. Świadczyć to może o zdolnościach bioindykacyjnych sosny zwyczajnej. Stężenia poszczególnych metali ciężkich pochodzące z trzech różnych obszarów badawczych wykazują duże różnice w ich stężeniu. Analizy statystyczne wykazały statystyczne istotne różnice (test Tukeya p≤0,05) stężeń wybranych metali ciężkich w próbkach igieł sosny zwyczajnej jedynie z obszaru Świeradowa Zdrój.

EN

The aim of the research was preliminary monitoring of selected heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb Zn) concentrations in pine needles (Pinus sylvestris L.). Three research areas were selected for the study (Świeradów Zdrój, Świnoujście, Byszyno), from which a total of 14 aggregate samples were collected. Heavy metals concentrations in Scots pine needles samples from one research area were similar. This may indicate the bioindication abilities of Scots pine. Concentrations of individual heavy metals, from three different research areas, showed quite large differences. Statistical significant differences (Tukey›s test p≤0.05) of concentrations of selected heavy metals in samples of pine needles were noted only on the Świeradów Zdrój area.

3

Spectral Signatures of Conifer Needles Mainly Depend on Their Physical Traits

Marín S. T. de, Novák M., Klančnik K., Gaberščik A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2016

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Vol. 64, nr 1

1--13

EN

The aim of this study was to determine the traits that define the optical properties of the needles of four coniferous species: Picea abies, Picea omorika, Abies alba and Pinus sylvestris. The analysis included measurements of the needles for their morphological and anatomical aspects, reflectances at the upper and lower needle surfaces through their 280–880-nm spectra, and biochemical traits. The needles of these species differed significantly in the majority of morphological and anatomical traits, with the most pronounced differences seen for the thickness of the cuticle and epidermis, the needle width and thickness, the width of the central cylinder, and the position and density of the stomata. The reflectance spectra of the upper needle surface were very similar, while for the reflectance of the lower needle surface, P. omorika reflected light the most efficiently, followed by A. alba. The biochemical properties indicated significant differences in the amounts of UV-absorbing compounds, which were highest in P. sylvestris, and relatively low in A. alba and P. abies. The upper needle surface reflectance spectra were significantly affected by thickness of the cuticle, by pore width and by total mesophyll thickness, which explained 24%, 12% and 4% of the variability, respectively. The needle traits that explained the reflectance spectra variability of the lower needle surface were the hypoderm (28%), needle thickness (4%), density of stomata (28%), length of the outer pores (9%), and amount of UV-A-absorbing compounds (7%). Our data show that the needle reflectance spectra are primarily affected by the physical structure of the needles, and little by the needle biochemistry. This calls into question the methodologies for determination of the biochemical status of conifers based on their reflectance spectra.

4

Evaluation of the Impact of the Ecklonia Maxima Extract on Selected Morphological Features of Yellow Pine, Spruce and Thuja Stabbing

Sosnowski J., Malinowska E., Wiśniewska-Kadżajan B., Jankowski K.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 3

169--174

EN

The study was focused on the impact of an extract of Ecklonia maxima on selected morphological features of yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex C. Lawson), prickly spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.) Variety Glauca, thuja (Thuja occidentalis) variety Smaragd. The experiment was established in April 12, 2012 on the forest nursery in Ceranów. April 15, 2013 was introduced research agent in the form of a spraying an aqueous solution extract of Ecklonia maxima with trade name Kelpak SL. Biologically active compounds in the extract are plant hormones: auxin and cytokinin. There were studied increment in plant height, needle length of yellow pine, twigs length in prickly spruce and thuja. The measurements of increment in length of twigs and needles were made in each case on the same, specially marked parts of plants and have carried them on the 27th of each month beginning in May and ending in September. The results were evaluated statistically using the analysis of variance. Medium differentiations were verified by Tukey’s test at a significance level p ≤ 0.05. The study showed that the diversity of traits features in the experiment was depended on the extract, the tree species and the measurement time. The best results after the extract using showed a pine and spruce. Seaweed preparation contributed to increment increased of trees height for in the pine and spruce and the needles length of pine and twigs of spruce. The species showing no reaction to the extract was thuja.

5

Volatile oil content of scots pine needles (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Sporek M.

Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology

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2016

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R. 21, NR 1-2

141--147

EN

This study focused on how the concentration of volatile oils in Scots Pine needles varied in relation to the age of the trees, the age of the needles and their location within the canopy. Study material were pine needles from 15-, 44- and 89-year-old pine stands. The mean content of oils increased with the age of trees. The averaged oil content in needles was: 0.46% in the 15-year-old stand, 0.55% in the 44-year-old and 0.61% in the 89-year-old stands. The mean content of volatile oils decreased with the age of the needles. 1-year-old needles contained the highest concentration of volatile oils (0.56%), and the 3-year-old needles contained the least (0.48%). In 15-year-old stands the oil content in needles increased linearly with their height in the canopy. In 44-year-old (age class IIb) and 89-year-old (age class Va) stands oil content was greater lower in the canopy than in the middle.

PL

Badania dotyczą zmienności zawartości olejku eterycznego w igliwiu sosny zwyczajnej w zależności od wieku drzew, garnituru igieł oraz jego usytuowania w koronie. Materiał do badań stanowiło igliwie zebrane z drzewostanów sosnowych w wieku 15, 44 i 89 lat. W przeprowadzonych badaniach średnia zawartość olejków wzrastała wraz z wiekiem drzew. W igliwiu pochodzącym z 15-letniego młodnika zawartość olejku wynosiła średnio 0,46%, a w igliwiu drzewostanów 44- i 89-letnich odpowiednio 0,55 i 0,61%. Średnia zawartość olejku maleje wraz z wiekiem igliwia. Najwięcej olejku zawiera igliwie jednoroczne - 0,56%, najmniej igliwie trzyletnie - 0.48%. W drzewostanie 15-letnim stwierdzono wyraźny wzrost wydajności olejków eterycznych w kierunku od nasady korony do części wierzchołkowej. W drzewostanach starszych (IIb i Va klasy wieku), gdzie korony są wyżej osadzone, igliwie pobrane z nasady korony zawierało więcej olejku niż z partii środkowej.

6

Pine needles (Pinus sylvestris L.) as bioindicators in the assessment of urban environmental contamination with heavy metals

Parzych A., Jonczak J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 15, nr 3

29--38

EN

The studies on Zn, Pb and Mn content in the needles of Pinus silvestris and the surface layers of soil (0.0–0.2 m and 0.4–0.6 m) were conducted in 2010. The research stations covered residential areas, municipal parks, neighborhoods of busy streets, industrial establishments, waste dump sites and sewage treatment plants. The tests showed variability of the analyzed elements in the needles of P.silvestris and in municipal soils, depending on concentration of urban and industrial activity, road traffic and the depth of the examined layer of soil. The content of heavy metals in soil varied. Zn was character-ized by the highest variability, depending on the depth (50.3–52.4%), Mn slightly lower (38.5–42.2%), and Pb, the lowest (29.1–33.2%). It was evidenced that the values of the heavy metals enrichment factors of the needles are closely connected with concentration of the examined metals in the soil. Along with the rise of Zn, Mn and Pb content in the soil, the values of enrichment factors decreased. The strongest negative correlations were found in the case of Zn, both in 1-year old needles (r = -0.82, p<0.05), as well as in 2-years’ old ones (r = -0.83, p<0.05), slightly weaker in the cases of lead and manganese.

7

Element content of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands of different densities

Skonieczna J., Małek S., Polowy K., Węgiel A.

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2014

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vol. 57, nr 192

77--87

EN

Modern forestry management should be based on the principle of sustainability. In order to preserve habitat productivity, the amount of nutrients removed from the environment along with forestry products must be taken into consideration. This study shows the exact concentrations of chemical elements in different tree parts of Scots pine, growing on poor soils in north-western Poland. The observed values were compared to the values found in literature. In addition, the relationship between the concentrations of elements and stem diameter or stand density was researched. The highest concentration of chemical elements was observed in the needles (C, N, P, K, Mg, S, Mn, Na, Fe) and the lowest (C, N, P, S, Cu, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe) in the stem wood. Most of the macronutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg and S) reached optimal values, with the exception of N showing a deficiency, especially in the needles. The relationship between the content of elements and DBH or stand density was rather weak, and in both cases, negative.

8

Diversity of needles of the Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Sporek M.

Proceedings of ECOpole

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2012

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Vol. 6, No. 2

547--551

EN

The size of needles is usually described by their mass and length. These parameters depend on many factors, mainly on the amount of available water, light and temperature. The literature provides only rudimentary data on the surface of needles. But the surface of needles determines the growth of tree biomass, including wood, the product of the economic importance. The study aimed to verify if the mass of the needles is a good parameter to determine efficiency of the production in an individual pine or in population of pines. The material used consisted of needles from 48 model trees, collected at 31 study sites. All sites represented the same habitat type (fresh mixed coniferous forest), but they differed in the density and the age of trees. The study was conducted in young tree stands, between eight and twenty years old. We did not find any relation between the mean length of the needles and the age of trees. The shortest needles were found in 8 years old stand, and the longest needles came from 9 years old forest. The largest surface of the assimilation apparatus was found in a 20 years old pine. This corresponds with the culmination of the individuals' vertical growth in Scots Pine. The largest mass of the needles, 21 kg of the fresh mass, was recorded in the same tree stand, as well as the smallest and the largest number of needles on a tree.

PL

Wielkość szpilek charakteryzuje się najczęściej poprzez ich masę i długość, które zależą od wielu czynników, przede wszystkim od ilości wody, światła i temperatury. W literaturze przedmiotu znajdują się szczątkowe dane dotyczące pola powierzchni szpilek, które to decydują o przyroście biomasy, w tym drewna, czyli sortymentu ważnego z punktu widzenia gospodarczego. Celem badań było porównanie dwóch metod obliczeń wydajności produkcyjnej biomasy sosny zwyczajnej z ciężaru igliwia oraz z jego powierzchni. Materiał do badań stanowiło igliwie z 48 drzew modelowych pobranych z 31 stanowisk badawczych. Wszystkie powierzchnie reprezentowały ten sam typ siedliskowy (BMśw.), różniły się natomiast zagęszczeniem i wiekiem. Badania prowadzono w młodnikach, z których najmłodszy liczył 8 lat, a najstarszy 20 lat. Nie stwierdzono związku między średnią długością igieł a wiekiem drzew. Najkrótsze szpilki odnotowano w 8-letnim młodniku, najdłuższe 9-letnim. Największe pole aparatu asymilacyjnego miała 20-letnia sosna, co pokrywa się z kulminacyjnym przyrostem osobników na wysokość. W tym drzewostanie zarejestrowano również największą masę igliwia wynoszącą 21 kg (św.m.) oraz największą, a zarazem najmniejszą liczbę szpilek.

9

Testing of selected phytoindicators for the environmental assessment of areas under various levels of pollution

Piotrowska K., Panek E.

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 6, no. 4

73--81

EN

The aim of this paper was to determine the suitability of six plant species in biomonitoring of pollution from atmospheric trace metal deposition. Concentrations of Cu, Cd, Pb were determined in: mosses (Pleurozium schreberi, Polytrichum formosum), two years old needles of the Norway spruce (Picea abies), the common silver fir (Abies alba), the common larch (Larix decidua) and in leaves of the common white birch (Betula pendula). The material was collected in three different areas under various levels of pollution (Kraków Agglomeration; Spisz-Gubałów Foothills; Silesian Beskid). The highest concentrations of trace metals occurred in: the moss species Pleurozium schreberi: 6.17-10.83 mg Cu/kg d.w., 0.6-2.37 mg Cd/kg d.w., 7.0-27.17 mg Pb/kg d.w. and in the leaves of the common white birch: 4.82-15.33 mg Cu/kg d.w., 0.28-2.32 mg Cd/kg d.w., 1.33-5.41 mg Pb/kg d.w. In turn, the needles of the Norway spruce contain little amount of trace metals: 2.00-8.00 mg Cu/kg d.w., 0.07-0.45 mg Cd/kg d.w. and 0.17-3.83 mg Pb/kg d.w. The both moss species seem to be better biomonitors of atmospheric pollution in less polluted areas, because of higher elemental concentrations in most cases, especially in terms of an ability to accumulate Pb and Cu. However, the common white birch is a better bioacumulator of Cd. This species has similar accumulation abilities as the common larch. Both trees are good phytoindicators in the monitoring of highly contaminated areas. Spruce needles showed lower concentrations of trace metals than other species collected at the same site. However, all selected indicators are suitable for comparative studies on bioindication of urban and industrial air pollution.

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy było sprawdzenie przydatności sześciu gatunków roślin w biomonitoringu zanieczyszczeń pochodzących z depozycji metali śladowych. Określono zawartość Cu, Cd, Pb w: mchach (Pleurozium schreberi, Polytrichum formosum), drugim roczniku igieł świerka zwyczajnego (Picea abies) i jodły pospolitej (Abies alba), w igłach modrzewia europejskiego (Larix decidua) oraz w liściach brzozy brodawkowatej (Betula pendula). Materiał roślinny został zebrany na trzech obszarach, różniących się stopniem antropopresji (aglomeracja krakowska, Pogórze Spisko-Gubałowskie, Beskid Śląski). Najwyższe zawartości metali ciężkich stwierdzono w mchu Pleurozium schreberi: 6,17-10,83 mg Cu/kg s.m., 0,6-2,37 mg Cd/kg s.m., 7,0-27,17 mg Pb/kg s.m. oraz w liściach brzozy brodawkowatej: 4,82-15,33 mg Cu/kg s.m., 0,28-2,32 mg Cd/kg s.m., 1,33-5,41 mg Pb/kg s.m. Natomiast ww. pierwiastki były najsłabiej kumulowane przez igły świerka zwyczajnego: 2,00-8,00 mg Cu/kg s.m., 0,07-0,45 mg Cd/kg s.m. i 0,17-3,83 mg Pb/kg s.m. Obydwa gatunki mchów wydają się lepszymi bioindykatorami na obszarach mniej zanieczyszczonych, gdyż w tych roślinach wystąpiły wyższe koncentracje Pb i Cu niż w pozostałych gatunkach. Brzoza brodawkowata kumulowała największe ilości kadmu. Gatunek ten ma podobne zdolności bioakumulacyjne co modrzew europejski. Oba gatunki są odpowiednimi fitoindykatorami do oceny skażenia środowiska na terenach silnie zanieczyszczonych. Igły świerka pospolitego zawierają znacznie niższe ilości metali śladowych, w porównaniu do pozostałych gatunków. Wszystkie przebadane w tej pracy indykatory roślinne, mogą zostać wykorzystane w porównawczym monitoringu zanieczyszczenia powietrza pochodzenia antropogenicznego.

10

Research on influence of impact of microparticles and sewing needles on destruction of solid bodies

Khristoforov B. D.

Engineering Transactions

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2010

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Vol. 58, iss. 3/4

131-138

EN

Impact of powders and sewing needles accelerated by explosion on various obstacles has been studied. Formation of channels up to 100 particle diameters in length has been observed when corundum and tungsten powders impacts on steel and duralumin at speeds up to 2 km/s. A mechanism of such super deep penetration of powder jets into metals has been proposed. The possibility of destroying by needles such objects as plexiglass blocks, antimeteorite screens, containers with elastic and explosive materials with a released energy exceeding the energy of needles has been shown. At impact speeds up to 400 m/s the depth of needles penetration into metals is 3-5 times higher than the one calculated for pointed rods at plastic work. The obtained results can be useful for modeling of impact of meteorites, space scraps and technological wasteson space aircrafts and their components.

11

The influence of experimental soil acidification and liming on concentrations of some basic and trace metals in scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles

Tarabuła T.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2000

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Vol. 48, nr 1

63-75

EN

Two year after last application of sulphuric acid and magnesium lime to the soil of a Scots pine thicket growing in an unpolluted area (NW Poland), concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd, Pb and Al in the pine needles of different ages were examined. Soil acidification significantly reduced Ca and Mg concentrations, and raised Al level. In contrast, soil liming increased Ca an Mg, and lowered Al and Mn concentrations. Unexpectedly, lime application led to a significant increase in foliar Zn, Cu, Cd and particularly Pb levels, presumably as an effect of the lime fertiliser contamination. Except Cu and Mg, the concentrations of which significantly decreased with needle age, the examined metals increased or did not change their levels. The tendencies were rather consistent across the treatments, although some siteto-site differences occured, consisting in variable rates of the changes with time. Although different accumulation rates (mainly Al and Mn) in ageing needles cannot be excluded, the variability seems to have resulted from differences in the treatment effect duration. Thus, Al and Mn were affected for a relatively short time, whereas Cu, Ca, Mg, Zn and Cd (limed site) - for a longer period. Moreover, the effect of soil acidification on Ca and Mg seems to have been slightly intensified with time.