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Nowy wykaz polskich nazw geograficznych świata i zasady jego opracowania na tle dotychczasowych publikacji

Zych M.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2014

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T. 46, nr 2

140--161

PL

W artykule omówiono nowo wydany Urzędowy wykaz polskich nazw geograficznych świata. Przybliżono zakres jego treści, zawartość i układ poszczególnych części oraz samych haseł, a także sposób doboru nazw. Przybliżono również historię opracowania wykazów zawierających polskie nazwy geograficzne świata oraz zasady ustalania tych nazw.

EN

Official list of Polish geographical names of the world, prepared by the Commission on Standardization of Geographical Names Outside the Republic of Poland, was published at the end of the year 2013. It is the second publication comprising Polish names of all the world. The previous one, titled Polskie nazwy geograficzne świata (Polish geographical names of the world) was published in 1994-1996. The list has the official status, and the Polish names it in-cludes should be used by public institutions performing their activities within the borders of Poland. Its elaboration results also from the recommendation of the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. The list includes the names of geographical features from all continents as well as undersea features. It does not, however, include the objects which are entirely located within the borders of Poland. The list refers only to the features for which the Polish geographical names are recommended, i.e. names spelled differently than the original ones. The list contains the Polish names of 13,358 geographical features (principal names). Most of them are placed in the chapter with European countries -9646; the most represented countries are Ukraine (2222 features) and Belarus (2020). Since some names are repeated in lists for several countries (names of transboundary features), the total number of names is 14,975. In addition, 238 Polish variant names are also included as well as 254 long forms of names, used mostly in official relations. Compared to the previous publication, the Commission has significantly extended the number of recommended Polish names for geographical features (mostly towns and cities) that lay on areas which belonged to Poland before the second world war. Therefore, the lists of Polish names from Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine have been enlarged. The list is divided into 8 parts (chapters). Seven of them refer to the parts of the world and the last one comprises undersea features. Each chapter begins with a list of recommended Polish names of the great regional units and oceans. Next, the names are posted according to alphabetically arranged countries and non-self-governing territories. Names of geographical features within the countries and territories are divided into 59 categories which appear specifically for each particular country or territory. In the eighth chapter, which comprises undersea features, the names are placed according to their location within 5 oceans, with those located in the Baltic and in the Mediterranean Sea listed separately. Undersea features in chapter 8 are divided into 14 categories. Localities are most numerous of all the categories (5238 features), followed by administrative units (1669) and rivers (667). Each entity referring to a particular object includes its Polish name, the original names (in Romanized form if necessary) and geographical coordinates. Entities are occasionally supplemented with additional information. An index of Polish names completes the publication.

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Wybrane fonologiczne aspekty nazw geograficznych

Janicki Grzegorz

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2008

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nr 11

295--300

EN

Geographical names, including place-names and terrain names, defined as (micro)toponyms, are considered to be a part of cultural heritage of a given geographical region, which results in protection by law (see Monument Protection and Care Act, art. 6.2, Law Gazette of 17 September 2003). They are not only the evidence of relationship between the man (cultural community) and natural environment in which the man exists. Geographical names, contributing to the creation of folk image of the world, are also a source of information about historical landscapes, past environments and cultural processes. The main direction in toponomastic studies is to determine etymology (provenance) and language functions of geographical names. Less attention is devoted to phonological analysis of these names though they belong to sound layer of cultural landscape. It is especially visible in onomatopoeic names illustrating natural sounds of nature. For example in hydronyms (“Szumiąca”, “Szumy”, “Szypoty”), which try to reflect the specificity of water movement in rivers, distinctive consonants are used in Polish: buzzing (“sz”, “ż”, “cz”, “dż”), hissing (“s”, “z”, “c”), and hushing (“ś”, ź”, ć”, “dź”). Also combinations of consonants are used (“szcz”, “ść” or “gż”). Music structure, and especially timbre of sound seem to be the most important morphological factor and element in the names of such kind. Sound layer of geographical names is additionally enriched as a result of using language dialects. Dialect, depending on region and communication groups, causes phonological differentiation of names in respect of such elements of sound (phonological) system as accent, intonation, tone, syllable, foot rhythm, phrase.

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Generalizacja nazw geograficznych na mapach atlasowych

Michna I.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2008

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T. 40, nr 1

28-45

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy generalizacji nazw regionów fizycznogeograficznych, szczytów i przełęczy na mapach w siedmiu wielkich atlasach ogólnogeograficznych.

EN

Generalization of names has not been discussed in cartographic literature. The article attempts to formulate the rules which govern generalization basing on the analysis of geographical names on the maps of Sudety mountains and Iberian peninsula in the following seven major geographical atlases: Atlas Świata published by The Topographical Service of The Polish Army (1962-1968), The World Atlas - the English version of the Soviet Atlas mira (1967), The Times Atlas of the World (1999), Geograficzny Atlas Świata (Geographical Atlas of the World) published by PPWK (Polish Cartographical Publishers) (1997), Wielki llustrowany Atlas Świata (The Great Illustrated Atlas of the World) published by GeoCenter (1993), Brockhaus Enzyklopadie Weltatlas (1993) and Gran Atlas Aguilar (1969). Objects for analysis are chosen according to numerous criteria. Land lowerings - lowlands, basins and passes are omitted much more frequently than mountains, uplands and peaks. This supports the views of W. Horn (1965) on the priority of generalization of concave forms over the generalization of convex ones. Another important criterion for selection of objects is their height. Names are given to highest mountain ridges and their top peaks. In the case of passes their relative height is important. Location of regions and their role are crucial e.g. names are given to flank parts of mountain ridges (Łużyckie Mountains), passes located on major transportation routes, mountain ridges which lie on state borders (Pyrenees). Double naming is the least solved issue. A rational solution - linking the name choice of a trans border object to the main topic area presented on a map - is rarely applied. It is noteworthy that most analyzed atlases use Tchech names of trans border ridges in Sudetes, irrespectively of the main topic area of the map. When double names are used on maps, they are sometimes placed in an inconsistent way, even on a single map (fig. 4). Analysis of maps within one atlas shows many irregularities, e.g. more names being placed on a map in a smaller scale, or various heights of the same peak. A comparison of name generalization in selected atlases reveals inconsistency also on maps in similar scales (fig. 9,10,11). As a rule the maps of the country where the atlas was prepared show more detail. The article suggests some models of generalization of names of geographical regions, peaks and passes (fig. 12, 13, 14). Consequent stages of the process provide less information, it is only in the case of regions that an additional piece of information is presented at a certain stage (name of a bigger region).

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Problematyka krajowych nazw geograficznych w Polsce

Krauze-Tomczyk I., Morawska B.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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1999

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T. 31, nr 3

169-175

PL

W artykule przedstawiono stan prac nad standaryzacją krajowych nazw geograficznych w Polsce. Scharakteryzowano organizacje zajmujące się nazwami geograficznymi, omówiono publikacje z tego zakresu, oceniono opracowanie nazw na mapach topograficznych oraz przedstawiono prowadzone obecnie prace w tej dziedzinie.

EN

The standarization of geographic names is of the enormous importance both in the national and international aspects. In Poland, two boards are involved with place names: Komisja Ustalania Nazw Miejscowości i Obiektów Fizjograficznych (Board on Geographic and Place Names) and Komisja Standaryzacji Nazw Geograficznych poza granicami Polski (Board on Foreign Geographic Names Standarization). These are advisory boards, and the legal responsibility of gepgraphic name standarization is vested in the appropriate Department. Also, the Państwowa Służba Geodezyjna i Kartograficzna (National Geodetic and Cartographic Service), Służba Topograficzna Wojska Polskiego (Polish Army Topographic Service), Główny Urząd Statystyczny (Central Statistical Office) as well as numerous map publishers also deal with the collection of geographic names. The most important lists of approved place names published in Poland after 1945 include: "Wykaz urzędowych nazw miejscowości w Polsce" (List of official place names in Poland) in 3 vols. and recently published national gazetteer entitled "Nazwy geograficzne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej" (Geographical names of the Republic of Poland). The current state of geographic name standardization is unsatisfactory. It especially refers to names appearing on topographic maps. The number of names to be approved is estimated to be around 1 million. The fact, that the 1:10,000 scale topographic maps had been prepared by cartographers lacking professional experience, did not lead to the satisfactory results. The analysis of the most vital needs concerning the standardization of geographic names leads to a conclusion, that the Geographic Name Information System will be used in two main projects: preparation of new topographic maps and also of a new gazetteer listing officially approved names. In 1994 the Geographic Names Data Bank was organized within the structure of Central Surveying and Cartographic Information Center, Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography. It contains ove 160,000 geographic names collected from the original 1:10,000 scale topographic mapping. A new project named Standards - Toponymic Guidelines of Collecting and Standardizing of Geographic Names in Topographic Mapping has been launched.