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Content available Do navigation maps need a legend? Empirical assessment of the intuitiveness of point symbols on mobile maps
Piątek Robert, Gołębiowska Izabela
Polish Cartographical Review
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2022
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Vol. 54, No. 1
23--34
EN
Navigation applications and the mobile maps that are integral to them are now widely used all over the world. The most popular applications of this type, such as Google Maps, has more than a billion users a month. To save time, users of navigation applications generally use the maps without referring to their legends, which are not shown in the default settings. In such circumstances, only intuitive symbols are read correctly. Mobile maps often have an extensive system of point symbols (POIs – points of interests), and navigation applications sometimes differ significantly in the symbols they use. Point symbols have been the subject of theoretical considerations and empirical studies of users, but there is a lack of comparative research indicating more and less effective solutions for designing intuitive symbols on mobile maps. This article presents the results of empirical research on the intuitiveness of POI symbols used in selected navigation applications. The study was conducted in the form of a questionnaire with 127 respondents. The results confirmed the hypothesis that the analysed symbols used in navigation applications would differ in level of intuitiveness. In addition, features of design solutions that increase or decrease the intuitiveness of point symbols were identified.
2
Content available remote The role of Geostationary Earth Orbit communication satellites in Chinese Area Positioning System
Ma L.
Artificial Satellites : Journal of Planetary Geodesy
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2014
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Vol. 49, No. 3
151--159
EN
The Chinese Area Positioning System (CAPS) is an area positioning system based on Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) communication satellites. Transponders on the satellites are used to retransmit navigation message and ranging signals generated from the ground master station, while users receive navigation signals to perform navigation and positioning tasks. Meanwhile, CAPS also develops bidirectional communication receivers using abundant transponders resources on Slightly Inclined Geostationary Orbit (SIGSO) communication satellites, thus realizing integration of navigation and communication in the coverage region.
3
Content available remote The benefits of inclined-orbit operations for geostationary orbit communication satellites
Ma L.
Artificial Satellites : Journal of Planetary Geodesy
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2011
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Vol. 46, No. 1
1--7
EN
Geostationary orbit (GEO) communication satellites can be extended in lifetime by switching to inclined-orbit operations. In this mode, a small amount of propellant is reserved to maintain the assigned orbit longitude. Inclination is allowed to build up at a rate of approximately 0.8° per year. Developing these space resources can bring out a number of benefits. Besides communication application, these satellites can be used to construct navigation constellation of the Chinese Area Positioning System (CAPS). In this present paper, the realization way of communication and navigation applications is studied and the benefits and problems are explained.
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