Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Selected elements of unconventional natural gas economics on the example of North American Energy market experience

Kaliski M., Krupa M., Sikora A.P., Szurlej A.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2013

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Vol. 30, no. 1

97--108

EN

There is a several year experience concerning exploration and production of shale resources in the USA. First production wells started in 1996 (the history of hydraulic fracturing is even 40-50 years older), and last few years one can observe a huge impact on American economy and decreasing level of natural gas import. One can assume that the development will grow significantly and the USA will stay self-sufficient and can start exportation of hydrocarbons - especially LNG. The economy will decide about the share of the natural gas in energy mix - energy balance. In the paper there is a detailed discussion concerning economy of the shale exploration and production (i.e. the costs of drillings, services, geological conditions versus timings and schedule of production). Based on analyzed scope one can predict a stable progress in cost reduction (learning curves) linked with production of shale hydrocarbons.

2

Skażenia gleby rtęcią w górnictwie nafty i gazu : ocena wielkości emisji rtęci do atmosfery i efektywności jej ograniczenia w wyniku stabilizacji siarką

Steczko K., Rachwalski J., Krasińska A.

Nafta-Gaz

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2009

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R. 65, nr 10

782--788

PL

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wyników badań wielkości emisji rtęci z miejsc skażonych na terenach kopalni gazu ziemnego oraz efektywności ograniczenia tej emisji, dzięki immobilizacji rtęci w glebie. Analiza uzyskanych wyników pozwala na stwierdzenie, że skażenia gleby rtęcią, występujące na terenie niektórych kopalń gazu ziemnego, powodują reemisję rtęci do atmosfery, ale skażenia te są lokalne, powierzchniowe i mają niewielki obszarowo zasięg. W wyniku zastosowania stabilizacji rtęci w glebie z wykorzystaniem pulpy siarkowej wartość emisji z powierzchni – wynosząca kilka tysięcy ng/m²h – spadła do poziomu zbliżonego do tego, jaki charakteryzuje tereny nieskażone. Zabieg jest prosty, niekosztowny, zapobiega kontaktowi pracowników kopalni z parami rtęci i może być przez nich wykonany nie powodując zakłóceń w normalnym funkcjonowaniu kopalni.

EN

In the paper studies of mercury emission from polluted soil on natural gas production sites have been presented and the field experiments of mercury immobilization due to reaction with sulfur have been described. It has been proved that the contamination of soil surface layer with mercury caused the emission even as high as a few thousand of nanograms per square meter and hour but the effects were only local as the polluted areas were small. Sulfur powder from gas desulfurization process mixed with soil lowered the emission to the level typical for not contaminated areas – this operation effectively preventing the worker contact with mercury vapor, was cheep and easy to perform.

3

Application of natural gas to compression ignition engines

Wojtyniak M.

Journal of KONES

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2006

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Vol. 13, No. 2

443-448

EN

The paper presents general information on natural gas properties, reserves, production and distribution. Its proved reserves are estimated to have been ca. 6 trillion cubic feet. Main reserves are in Russia. Application of natural gas to automotive vehicles on the basis of literature review has been presented. European Union, US government and other countries have introduced directives for a natural gas application in the transportation sector. Because natural gas has a low cetane number, it cannot be directly applied to compression ignition engines. Such engines have to be adapted to dual fuelling. An assisted ignition with a pilot fuel quantity is necessary. Comparison of the spark ignition versus dual fuel engines, natural gas versus LPG and methane as well as choice of pilot ignition fuel have been discussed in the paper. Most of natural gas refueling stations is in Argentina. Progress in the field of dual-fuel natural gas engines has been presented. Application of natural gas as a fuel to internal combustion engines is useful regarding economy, emissions and worldwide energy strategy.