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1
Content available remote Odporność termiczna betonowych nawierzchni lotniskowych
PL
W eksploatacji betonowych nawierzchni lotniskowych często występuje zjawisko powstawania początkowo niewielkich powierzchniowo i stosunkowo płytkich odspojeń przypowierzchniowej warstwy betonu. Może to być wynikiem naturalnych i wymuszonych oddziaływań temperatury na nawierzchnię. Rezultatem tych oddziaływań są naprężenia termiczne powstające w płycie betonowej oraz inne zjawiska zachodzące w strukturze betonu. Znaczące są tu zjawiska związane z przemieszczaniem się pary wodnej w przekroju płyty oraz powiązane z wymienionymi procesy skutkujące defektami struktury betonu. Defekty struktury płyty są efektem kompleksowego oddziaływania zjawisk: termicznych, wilgotnościowych i wytrzymałościowych, które uznano za stymulatory uszkodzeń.
EN
Concrete airfield pavements can frequently suffer from initially small and relatively shallow delamination of the subsurface concrete layer. It may be due to natural and forced temperature impact on the pavement. As a result of these impacts, thermal stresses and other phenomena are formed in the concrete slab. The significant phenomena are those related to the movement of water vapour in the slab cross-section and the associated processes leading to defects of the concrete structure. They are due to the complex interaction of various phenomena: thermal, humidity and strength that were considered damage stimulants.
EN
Coarse aggregates of waste concrete can be efficiently separated from mortar under microwave irradiation. However, the microwave-induced damage in aggregates are restricting mechanical properties of the aggregates for replacing natural aggregates. Since damage evolution in rocks treated by microwave are influenced by mineralogy and microwave operating parameters, such as power and irradiation time, understanding the microwave weakening mechanism of rocks is necessary to assess and control the damage of aggregates for recovery of high-quality concrete coarse aggregates. This article develops an approach for evaluating crack damage evolution in aggregates exposed to microwave by combining theoretical analysis with experimental investigation. A theoretical heat source-matrix model based on electromagnetic and thermal properties of mineral components is established for microwave heated aggregates. Substituting microwave irradiating parameters and mineralogy of the aggregates into the model, corresponding temperature fields and thermal stress fields are solved. Cracks in aggregates after microwave exposure are observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantified in terms of crack length, density and intensity. Crack damage varied with microwave energy is assessed by crack length and density. Crack propagation is further discussed by contrast of stress intensity factor (SIF) at the crack tip and fracture toughness of the aggregate. Cracking behavior analyzed by SIF of cracks is consistent with that obtained from quantitative analysis on SEM images. The results suggest that granite shows a stronger resistance to thermal stress damage compared with basalt under microwave exposure, and a multistage microwave treatment should be adopted for recovery of various aggregates.
EN
Thermal stress forming (thermoforming) technology has good advantages in small-batch, complex surface, brittle, and hard material processing. A large bending angle is the main objective of thermal stress forming. However, the problem of small bending angle has always existed. Especially in the case of larger workpiece thickness (h ≥ 1 mm), the bending angle is smaller. To solve the aforementioned problems, a new method (end blocking method, EBM) is proposed. The bending angle and deformation mechanism of this method with different plate thickness and processing parameters are investigated. Finally, the microstructure and properties of the heating zone are observed. The results show that the new method (9.05 deg) can increase the bending angle by 37.71 times with the traditional method (0.24 deg). The reason is that the new method can form a large bending moment in the heating zone and increase the bending angle effectively. Moreover, the method can still achieve a large bending angle (the traditional method: 0.02 deg, the new method: 2.75 deg, increased by 137.5 times), when the plate is thick (h = 1.2 mm). The bending angle obtained by the new method increases with the increment in laser power or the decrement in scanning speed. By contrast, the change in laser diameter has minimal effect on bending angle. In addition, because the new method can produce large compressive stress in the heating zone, the compressive stress can effectively refine the grains and increase the microhardness by 1.22 times. Therefore, this method can effectively improve the microstructure and properties of the heating zone. This method only needs a simple baffle, and the whole process is simple and practical. The new method in this study uses the laser as the heat source and is also suitable for flame thermoforming and high-frequency induction thermoforming.
EN
In this study, a general analysis of one dimensional steady-state thermal stresses of a functionally graded hollow spherical vessel with spherical isotropy and spherically transversely isotropy is presented with material properties of arbitrary radial non-homogeneity. The material properties may arbitrarily vary as continuous or piecewise functions. The boundary value problem associated with a thermo-elastic problem is converted to an integral equation. Radial and tangential thermal stress components distribution can be determined numerically by solving the resulting equation. The influence of the gradient variation of the material properties on the thermal stresses is investigated and the numerical results are presented graphically.
EN
In the present study, we have applied the reduced differential transform method to solve the thermoelastic problem which reduces the computational efforts. In the study, the temperature distribution in a two-dimensional rectangular plate follows the hyperbolic law of heat conduction. We have obtained the generalized solution for thermoelastic field and temperature field by considering non-homogeneous boundary conditions in the x and y direction. Using this method one can obtain a solution in series form. The special case is considered to show the effectiveness of the present method. And also, the results are shown numerically and graphically. The study shows that this method provides an analytical approximate solution in very easy steps and requires little computational work.
EN
Purpose: The demand for the devices structures reliability and machines requires understanding elements operation, in particular elastic elements, under the effect of nonstationary temperature factors. Therefore, it is important to investigate the behaviour of these elements under variable temperature effecting. Design/methodology/approach: In this article, the temperature field and the thermal stresses of the membrane type elastic elements, as well as the thermal deformation of its body part were investigated by the method of numerical analysis. The theoretical results have experimental confirmation. Findings: The article shows possibilities significantly reduce the thermal stress in an elastic element, thereby increase its functional and structural reliability by varying the geometric parameters of the elastic element, the materials selection, and body shape. Research limitations/implications: Numerical modelling of thermal processes requires accurate information about the physico-mechanical properties of materials and heat-exchange coefficient, which in practice may differ from the theoretical ones. Therefore, experimental confirmation of research and decisions is needed. The influence of the "hot" thermal shock was investigated. There is performed interest to investigate the "cold" thermal shock. Practical implications: The obtained results allow creating elastic elements with better functional characteristics for operation in a wide temperature range. They can also be used in the designing of elastic elements not only of membrane type. Originality/value: Performed investigation of thermomechanical processes in the membrane elastic element has revealed important features of its temperature deformations with nonstationary thermal influence. Namely, the nature of thermal deformations can be changed by selecting the geometrical parameters of the element, its material, as well as the conditions of heat-exchange conditions with mating member (body). In this way, it is possible to obtain a controlled deformation and to design the elastic elements with predetermined functional tasks. On the other hand, the design of the membrane element body can create elastic hinges, which allows reducing the thermal stress in the membrane, which significantly increases the reliability of the element operation of this type in conditions of non-stationary temperatures. In general, the conducted investigations allow efficient design of elastic elements for devices, sensors and other precision mechanisms.
EN
Mathematical modeling of a thin circular plate has been made by considering a nonlocal Caputo type time fractional heat conduction equation of order […], by the action of a moving heat source. Physically convective heat exchange boundary conditions are applied at lower, upper and outer curved surface of the plate. Temperature distribution and thermal deflection has been investigated by a quasi-static approach in the context of fractional order heat conduction. The integral transformation technique is used to analyze the analytical solution to the problem. Numerical computation including the effect of the fractional order parameter has been done for temperature and deflection and illustrated graphically for an aluminum material.
8
PL
W pracy przedstawiono symulację numeryczną i analityczną temperatury twardnienia, odkształceń i naprężeń termicznych w fundamencie śluzy Sülfeld-Süd w Niemczech, której budowa zakończyła się w listopadzie 2008 r. Przedstawione wyniki dotyczą jednego z etapów budowy tego fundamentu o rzeczywistych wymiarach 41,5 x 26,5 m i grubości 2 m. Analizę numeryczną przeprowadzono w programie DIANA MES. Uzyskane wyniki zostały porównane z rzeczywistymi pomiarami temperatury, odkształceń i naprężeń w fundamencie śluzy.
EN
The study presents the numerical and analytical simulation of the hardening temperature, thermal strains and stresses in the foundation of the sluice Sülfeld-Süd in Germany, which construction process was completed in November 2008. The present study relates to a particular construction stage of this foundation with real dimensions of 41.5 x 26.5 m and a thickness of 2 m. The numerical analysis was performed in the software DIANA FEA. The obtained results are compared with actual measurements of temperature, strains and stresses in the sluice foundation.
9
Content available Rodzaj cementu ma znaczenie
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki numerycznego modelowania rozkładu temperatury w fundamencie masywnym filaru mostowego. Obliczenia przeprowadzono na różnych rodzajach cementu (CEM I 42,5, CEM III/A 32,5, CEM III/A 42,5, CEM III/A 52,5N). Określono oraz porównano wpływ wybranych parametrów składu mieszanek, jakości składników oraz warunków betonowania (temperatury otoczenia i mieszanki betonowej) na rozkład temperatury wykonywanej konstrukcji. Badania przeprowadzono na czterech seriach betonu, różniących się użytym cementem. W trakcie dojrzewania betonu stworzono warunki zbliżone do adiabatycznych (przy których wpływ temperatury zewnętrznej jest ograniczony). Do pomiarów temperatury użyto urządzenia rejestrującego temperaturę Endress-Hauser RSG30 z czujnikami, z których jeden znajdował się wewnątrz dojrzewającego betonu, a drugi na zewnątrz próbki. Pomiarów temperatury dokonywano co 10 minut w okresie tygodnia. Na podstatwie uzyskanych wyników pomiarów sporządzono, dla poszczególnych cementów, wykresy pokazujące zależność wzrostu temperatury od czasu, objaśniające różnice pomiędzy temperaturą otoczenia a temperaturą dojrzewającego betonu. Przeprowadzona analiza wyników w programie ADINA 8.8 umożliwiła pokazanie temperatury wewnątrz betonu na każdym etapie betonowania konstrukcji filara mostowego.
PL
Przedstawiono studium przyczyn i skutków zarysowania żelbetowej płyty fundamentowej o dużych wymiarach, znajdującej się 5,4 m poniżej poziomu wody gruntowej. Studium dotyczy obiektu o powierzchni zabudowy 41 600 m2. Przeanalizowano przyczyny powstałych zarysowań płyty fundamentowej oraz podano propozycję naprawy.
EN
The study of sources and effects of cracking of a large scale reinforced concrete foundation slab located at the level of 5.4 m below the ground water surface is presented. It concerns a building facility with an area of 41 600 sq. m. Possible reasons for cracking of the foundation slab were analyzed and a repair proposal was given.
EN
By the very nature of their work, castings used in furnaces for heat treatment and thermo-chemical treatment are exposed to the effect of many unfavorable factors causing their deformation and cracking, significantly shortening the lifetime. The main source of damage are the micro-and macro-thermal stresses appearing in each cycle. As the cost of furnace instrumentation forms a significant part of the total furnace cost, in designing this type of tooling it is important to develop solutions that delay the damage formation process and thus extend the casting operation time. In this article, two structural modifications introduced to pallets castings to reduce thermal stresses arising at various stages of the cooling process are proposed. The essence of the first modification consists in making technological recesses in the wall connections, while the aim of the second one is to reduce the stiffness of the pallet by placing expanders in the external walls. Using the results of simulation analyses carried out by the finite element method, the impact of both proposed solutions on the level of thermal stresses was evaluated.
EN
The presented modelling investigation was carried out to analyze thermal stresses and expansion in an anode supported planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (pSOFC). The temperature distribution was based on previously developed thermo-electrochemical model predicting fuel cell operation. The design of a single pSOFC consisted of three ceramic layers of membrane electrode assembly: anode, electrolyte, cathode and two cross-flow bipolar plates with 26 ribs. The gases flowed diagonally from one cell corner to the opposite one. The fuel and air flows were cross-wise opposed on each bipolar plate side. The study allowed to indicate the most vulnerable to thermal damage area of the fuel cell in the operating conditions. The results will be useful in further design modification and performance optimization of the SOFC.
PL
Przeprowadzone symulacje numeryczne miały na celu analizę termicznych naprężeń i ocenę stopnia wydłużenia płaskiego stałotlenkowego ogniwa paliwowego typu pSOFC (ang. planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell). Rozkład temperatury w ogniwie wyznaczono w oparciu o wcześniej opracowany model termiczno-elektrochemiczny [11]. Nowatorskie rozwiązanie ogniwa typu pSOFC objęło ceramiczną konstrukcję, w skład której weszły porowate elektrody – anoda i katoda, elektrolit oraz dwie płytki bipolarne z 26-cioma żebrami. Przepływ paliwa i powietrza odbywał się krzyżowo i przeciwprądowo, po przekątnej ogniwa. Wyniki symulacji pozwoliły na określenie obszarów ogniwa narażonych na uszkodzenie w wyniku wysokich wartości naprężeń termicznych. Uzyskane rezultaty FEM umożliwią dalszą modyfikację konstrukcji płaskiego ogniwa w celu optymalizacji wydajności pSOFC.
14
Content available remote Analiza naprężeń termicznych w żelbetowych ścianach silosów na zboże
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy naprężeń w żelbetowych ścianach cylindrycznych silosów na zboże wywołanych dobowym spadkiem temperatury otoczenia w okresie zimowym. Sformułowano model obliczeniowy silosu wolno stojącego (w ujęciu MES) przy założeniu współpracy konstrukcji ściany i ośrodka ziarnistego. Komorę silosu obciążono symetrycznym parciem ośrodka sypkiego (typu pszenica) i nieliniowym rozkładem spadku temperatury na powierzchni komory i grubości ściany, wyznaczonym metodą różnic skończonych (MRS). Na podstawie analizy numerycznej (MES) naprężeń termicznych w żelbetowej ścianie silosu określono niekorzystne efekty sprzężenia obciążenia statycznego i termicznego w silosach na zboże.
EN
The paper presents the results of reinforced concrete wall analysis of cylindrical grain silos subjected to daily drop of the ambient temperature during the winter period. There is presented computational FEM model of free-standing silo assuming the interaction between the wall construction and stored grain. The silo bins were analyzed under symmetrical pressure (wheat) and nonlinearly distributed temperature on the external surface of the silo and across the thickness of the wall, determined using the Finite Differences Method (FDM). On the basis of numerical stresses analysis for assumed reinforced concrete silo wall the unfavorable effects of interaction of the static and thermal loads in RC grain silos were demonstrated.
EN
The paper discussed the issues generally termed as thermal and shrinkage effects in concrete structures. These issues are the one of the most important topics covered in the scientific and engineering work of Prof. Kazimierz Flaga and the aim of this paper is to remind and summarize his contribution in this field. Professor dealt with a wide range of topics in this field, such as a temperature function and curing of concrete at different temperatures; temperature stresses and cracking due to the hydration heat, morphology of shrinkage cracking in concrete as well as the practical prediction of possible early age thermal-shrinkage cracking in externally restraint concrete structures.
PL
W artykule omówiono zagadnienia ogólnie określane jako efekty termiczno-skurczowe w konstrukcjach betonowych. Zagadnienia te są jednym z najważniejszych tematów naukowych i inżynierskich podejmowanych przez prof. Kazimierza Flagę, a celem niniejszego artykułu jest przegląd i podsumowanie wkładu prof. K. Flagi w tę dziedzinę konstrukcji betonowych. W ramach tematyki termiczno-skurczowej Profesor zajmował się szeroką gamą zagadnień, między innymi takich jak funkcja temperatury i dojrzewanie betonu w warunkach zmiennych temperatur, naprężenia i rysy termiczne wynikające z ciepła hydratacji, morfologia rys skurczowych w betonie, a także praktyczne przewidywanie oceny ryzyka wystąpienia wczesnych rys termiczno-skurczowych w konstrukcjach o ograniczonej swobodzie odkształceń.
17
Content available remote Short-term thermal stress of high voltage coil
EN
The main goal of this article is monitoring changes of partial discharge activity to the short-term thermal degradation of high voltage coil. Discharge activity is represented by statistical histograms from which are calculated descriptive operators. Comparing descriptive operators before and after thermal degradation could help get the information about condition of insulation system to the neural network.
PL
Celem artykułu jest opis monitorowania relacji zmian w wyładowaniu niezupełnym w stosunku do krótkookresowego naprężenia termicznego. Porównując współczynniki opisujące wyładowanie przed i po naprężeniu termicznym można otrzymać informacje o warunkach izolacji.
EN
A method for determining time-optimum medium temperature changes is presented. The heating of the pressure elements will be conducted so that the circumferential stress caused by pressure and fluid temperature variations at the edge of the opening at the point of stress concentration, do not exceed the allowable value. In contrast to present standards, two points at the edge of the opening are taken into consideration. The first point, P[1], is located at the cross section and the second, P[2], at the longitudinal section of the vessel. It will be shown that the optimum temperature courses should be determined with respect to the total circumferential stress at the point P[2], and not, as in the existing standards due to the stress at the point P[1]. Optimum fluid temperature changes are assumed in the form of simple time functions. For practical reasons the optimum temperature in the ramp form is preferred. It is possible to increase the fluid temperature stepwise at the beginning of the heating process and then increase the fluid temperature with the constant rate. Allowing stepwise fluid temperature increase at the beginning of heating ensures that the heating time of a thick-walled component is shorter than heating time resulting from the calculations according to EN 12952-3 European Standard. @eng
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