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1

Current status of research on nanobubbles in particle flotation

Chen Jian, Chen Jun, Cheng Yali

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2024

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Vol. 60, iss. 1

art. no. 183613

EN

Froth flotation, as one of the most widely used separation approaches in mineral processing, is commonly used to recover valuable components from minerals. However, maintaining high flotation efficiencies is a serious challenge for conventional froth flotation in the face of decreasing particle size of the minerals to be sorted. To date, there have been plenty of reports on the software of nano-bubbles (NBS) in flotation, and the experimental consequences show that nano-bubbles' introduction has given rise to improvement's different grades in the recovery of varieties of minerals, which highlights the great potential of nano-bubbles for mineral flotation. Nanobubbles have smaller bubble radii and unusually high stability compared to conventional flotation bubbles, and their related behavior in flotation has been a hot research topic. This paper reviews some of the methods of preparing nanobubbles, equipment techniques for characterizing nanobubbles, factors affecting their stability, and some of the popular doctrines. In particular, the reinforcing mechanism of nanobubbles in the particle flotation process is discussed, first, the nanobubbles improve the electrostatic attractiveness with the particles by achieving the charge inversion while the nanobubbles that was adsorbed on the particles' surface will cover a share of the charge, which decreases the electrostatic repulsive force between the particles; and second, the nanobubbles can act as a bridge between the surfaces of the two particles, which advances the agglomeration between the particles. This review aims to be able to further advance the research related to the industrialization of nanobubbles.

2

Research of nanobubbles enhanced reverse anionic flotation of a midlow grade phosphate ore

Zhang Tiebin, Zhang Qin

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2022

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Vol. 58, iss. 1

113--125

EN

The reverse anionic flotation is commonly used to upgrade the mid-low grade phosphate ore in China. The mineral characterization of raw ore shows that carbonate and phosphate minerals combined with fine intergrowth, difficulty in upgrading. Flotation using nanobubbles (NBs) can significantly enhance the flotation efficiency of fine particles of minerals. To research the effect of NBs on the flotation process of this phosphate ore, two flotation tests with and without NBs were compared. The results show that the MgO removal had an increment of 10% in the case of NBs flotation versus conventional flotation in the approximate grade and recovery of P2O5. The foam product of NBs flotation had smaller dimensions than the conventional flotation. NBs enhanced the contact angle on dolomite surface from 45.8° to 64.5°, and increases the d50 of dolomite from 20.49 µm to 30.43 µm.

3

Mechanism of micro/nano-bubble formation and cavitation effect on bubbles size distribution in flotation

Deng Xiaowei, Lv Bo, Cheng Gan, Lu Yang

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2020

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Vol. 56, iss. 3

504--512

EN

In this study, micro/nano-bubble generated by cavitation effect as a promoting factor for flotation was investigated using the atomic force microscope (AFM). Hydrodynamic cavitation tests were performed with a venturi bubble generator. Additionally, bubble size distribution (BSD) under the hydrodynamic cavitation effect was also studied at different water flow speed conditions. Dozens of nanometers height bubbles attached to the hydrophobic substrates were detected. Besides, the cavitation cloud grew thicker with the flow velocity increasing from 26.52 m/sec to 53.04 m/sec, near the venturi tube nozzle. All results showed the importance of the cavitation effect on the micro/nano-bubbles formation and the BSD in flotation.

4

Sterilisation of nanobubble dispersions

Ulatowski Karol, Fiuk Julia, Sobieszuk Paweł

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 41, nr 1

69–-76

EN

In this paper, three methods of sterilisation are compared to determine their usability in nanobubbledispersion sterilisation: filtration, thermal sterilisation and sonication (in twosystems: using a sonotrodeand sonication bath). Nanobubble dispersions are most commonly generated in non-sterile systemswhich precludes them from use in most biological research. As a result of this study, filtration waschosen as the best method for nanobubble sterilisation.

5

Nanobubbles effect on the mechanical flotation of phosphate ore fine particles

Pourkarimi Z., Rezai B., Noaparast M.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2018

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Vol. 54, iss. 2

278--292

EN

Froth flotation is one of the main methods for processing of phosphate ores. However, flotation of fine particles, especially phosphate ores, has always been one of the fundamental problems. For example, about 10% of Esfordi phosphate processing plant ore with a grade of more than 16% P2O5 and d80 of less than 30 μm is sent to the tailing dam. Flotation using nanobubbles generated by hydrodynamic cavitation is one of the latest industrial techniques to recycle fine particles of minerals. A significant recovery increment in flotation of fine particles using nanobubbles has been one of the main topics of flotation science in recent years. Fine bubbles have important effects on the gas holdup, which is necessary in the froth flotation cell of mineral based process industries. At a given gas holdup, using finer bubbles can reduce frother consumption. An exclusive nanobubble generation system has been developed at Iran Mineral Processing Research Center (IMPRC) for evaluating the effect of nanobubbles on froth flotation. This device enhances venturi tubes and works based on cavitation phenomena. In this study, a comparison of conventional flotation and nanobubble enhanced flotation in mechanical cells was carried out on two types of phosphate ore samples. As a result, the flotation recovery had a significant increment of more than 30% in the case of using nanobubbles versus conventional flotation in the same grade of P2O5.

6

Influence of dissolved air on bubble attachment to highly oriented pyrolytic graphite

Krasowska M., Sellapperumage P. M. F., Ralston J., Beattie D. A.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2018

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Vol. 54, iss. 1

163--173

EN

The effect of air, dissolved in 0.1 M KCl solution, on bubble attachment to the smooth hydrophobic surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite was studied. The stability of a wetting film in such a system is governed by surface forces, i.e. electrostatic and van der Waals interactions. At the high ionic strength investigated, the electric double layer forces are both weak and of short range, therefore the stability of the wetting film is dominated by van der Waals interactions. The Hamaker coefficient for the highly oriented pyrolytic graphite-KCl aqueous solution-air system is negative and hence van der Waals interactions are repulsive. A repulsive force should stabilize the wetting film, preventing its rupture and bubble attachment to the highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface. Many experimental studies have found that wetting films are not stable at graphite or coal surfaces, and air bubbles attach. In the present experiments, the stability of the wetting films decreased with increasing amount of dissolved air. The time required for film drainage, rupture, and air bubble attachment was shortened by two orders of magnitude when the experiments were performed in air saturated 0.1 M KCl solution. This instability was attributed to an increasing number of nano- and submicron- bubbles nucleated at the graphite surface. The Hamaker coefficient across the air-KCl aqueous solution-air system is positive and hence van der Waals interactions are attractive, resulting in wetting film rupture and macroscopic air bubble attachment to a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface decorated with resident nano- and submicro-metre bubbles.

7

Badanie właściwości fizykochemicznych dyspersji mikro- i nanopęcherzyków azotu w cieczach

Ulatowski K., Maciejewska A., Mróz A., Sobieszuk P.

Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna

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2018

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Nr 3

83--84

PL

W pracy przeprowadzono generację nanopęcherzyków azotu w wodzie dejonizowanej za pomocą układów z membranami cylindrycznymi oraz przygotowano roztwory etanolu w wodzie i wodzie z nanodyspersją pęcherzyków. Zbadano wpływ obecności nanodyspersji na lepkość, napięcie powierzchniowe oraz kąty zwilżania szkła. Zbadano wpływ obecności nanodyspersji na lepkość, napięcie powierzchniowe oraz kąty zwilżania szkła. Stwierdzono, że w badanym zakresie stężeń etanolu obecność nanopęcherzyków nie wpływa na lepkość roztworu, podnosi jego napięcie powierzchniowe dla niskich stężeń etanolu (poniżej 20% mas.) oraz zwiększa kąty zwilżania na szkle w badanym zakresie stężeń.

EN

In this work the generation of nanobubbles using the cylindric al-porous-membrane system was performed and mixtures of ethanol in pure water and water with nanobubbles were prepared. The influence of nanodispersion on viscosity, surface tension and contact angles on glass was investigated. The results show that in the investigated range of ethanol concentration a presence of nanobubbles has no influence on liquid viscosity, increases surface tension for low ethanol concentrations (below 20 mass %) and increases the contact angles on glass in the investigated range of concentrations.

8

Influence of liquid flowrate on size of nanobubbles generated by porous-membrane modules

Ulatowski K., Sobieszuk P.

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 39, nr 3

335–-345

EN

The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of distilled water flowrate in two different porousmembrane modules on the size of generated nitrogen nanobubbles. Modules had different diameter and number of membrane tubes inside the module. As bubbles are cut off from the membrane surface by a shear stress induced by the liquid flow, the change in the linear liquid velocity should result in a change of the generated bubble diameter. For both modules, higher flowrate of liquid induced generation of smaller bubbles, which was consistent with our expectations. This effect can help us in generation of bubbles of desired size.

9

Effective parameters on generation of nanobubbles by cavitation method for froth flotation applications

Pourkarimi Z., Rezai B., Noaparast N.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2017

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Vol. 53, iss. 2

920--942

EN

The significant recovery increase in flotation of fine particles using nanobubbles has been one of the major topics in flotation science in recent years. Fine bubbles have an important effect on gas hold-up, which is necessary in froth flotation of minerals based on the process industries. At a given gas hold-up, using finer bubbles can reduce frother consumption. An exclusive nanobubble generation system has been developed in Iran Mineral Processing Research Center (IMPRC) to evaluate the effect of nanobubbles on the froth flotation performance. This device, which enhanced venturi tubes, works according to cavitation phenomena. The venturi tube is the most widely used hydrodynamic cavitation device, in which liquid flow increases in the conical convergent zone of the tube due to the thin diameter. The liquid in the cylindrical throat is higher in a flow velocity and lower in a pressure than the liquid in the entrance cylinder, which results in cavitation. In this research work, various factors such as the frother type and dosage, pH, compressed air flow, pressure in cavitation nozzle, gas types, temperature and venturi tube internal diameter were studied. For this purpose, a five-level central composite experimental design was used to check the influence of four important parameters on the median size and volume of nanobubbles. Online measurement of the bubbles size was implemented by a laser particle size analyzer (LPSA), according to standard BS ISO 13320-09. Due to the above parameters and obtained responses, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted with a suitable model to optimize the conditions, with the aim of minimizing the size of air bubbles. The optimal conditions were: frother (MIBC) dosage of 75.8 mg/dm3, air flow rate of 0.28 dm3/min, pressure of 324 kPa and pH of 9.5. The median bubble size d50 was equal to 203 nm. To validate the results, a test under optimum conditions was performed and the obtained results indicated that there was a good fit at the confidence interval of 95% and reflected the repeatability of the process.

10

Time scale of the three-phase contact formation by the bubble colliding with hydrophobic surface in n-pentanol and n-octanol solutions

Krasowska M., Małysa K.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2005

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Vol. 39

21-32

EN

Phenomena occurring during collisions of the bubble rising in distilled water, n-pentanol and n-octanol solutions with hydrophobic Teflon plates of different roughness were studied using highspeed Camera (1182 Hz). It was found that even in the case of such hydrophobic solid surface as Teflon the bubble attachment didn't need to occur at first collision. In distilled water the bubble could bounce a few times without attachment. Presence of surface active substance facilitated the attachment as well as lowered the bubble local velocity. Time-scale was shortened in the case "medium rough" Teflon from ca. 40 ms (in distilled water) to 16 ms (in the case of 0.00003 M n-octanol solution), while at the "rough" surface the attachment occurred in 4 ms in both systems. It was observed that surface roughness and presence of gas bubbles at Teflon surface were crucial for the time-scale of the bubble attachment. With increasing surface roughness and immersion time into solution of the Teflon plate the probability that the bubble be attached at once was increased.

PL

Przy użyciu szybkiej kamery (1182 klatki na sekundę) badano procesy zachodzace podczas kolizji bańki z hydrofobowymi płytkami teflonowymi o różnym stopniu szorstkości. Pomiary wykonano w wodzie destylowanej oraz w roztworach n-pentanolu i n-oktanolu. Zaobserwowano, że nawet przy tak hydrofobowej powierzchni, jaką jest Teflon, przyczepienie bańki nie musi nastąpić podczas pierwsz kolizji. W wodzie destylowanej bańka może odbić się kilkakrotnie zanim utworzy się kontakt trójfazow Obecność substancji powierzchniowo aktywnej przyspiesza przyczepienie bańki, jak również zmniejs? jej prędkość. Ze wzrostem szorstkości badanych powierzchni ulegał skróceniu czasu potrzebny d utworzenia kontaktu trójfazowego i przyczepienia bańki do powierzchni teflonu. W przypadku teflonu "i średnim stopniu" szorstkości powierzchni czas ten został skrócony z 40 ms (dla wody destylowanej) d( 16 ms (dla 0.00003 M roztworu n-oktanolu). W przypadku teflonu "szorstkiego" zarówno dla wód) destylowanej, jaki i 0.00003 M roztworu n-oktanolu czas potrzebny do utworzenia kontaktu trójfazowego wynosił 4ms. Szorstkość powierzchni i obecność mikro-pęcherzyków na badanych powierzchniach teflonu wydają się być kluczowymi czynnikami decydującymi o czasie tworzenia kontaktu trójfazowego. Wraz ze wzrostem szorstkości powierzchni oraz wydłużaniem czasu immersji płytki w roztworze ulega) skróceniu czas potrzebny do przyczepienia bańki.