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PL
W pracy przedstawiono metody biomimetyczne otrzymywania materiałów. Przedstawiono dwa przykłady otrzymania materiałów o potencjalnym zastosowaniu w implantologii z wykorzystaniem metod hydrotermalnych oraz pirolizy i infiltracji. Jako prekursory zastosowano muszle mięczaków oraz różne gatunki drzew. Wykonano badania dyfraktometryczne oraz analizy mikroskopowe. Stwierdzono, że możliwe jest uzyskanie materiałów ceramicznych o oczekiwanej strukturze metodami biomimetycznymi.
EN
This paper presents the biomimetic methods of the obtaining materials. Two examples of the obtaining materials with the use of hydrothermal and pyrolysis and infiltration methods, with possibility to implants application, was showed. As a precursor the shells of shellfish and different type of wood was used. The X-ray and microscopic analysis were carried out. It was found that is possible to obtain the ceramic material with required structure by biomimetic methods.
PL
Artykuł omawia różnorodność rozwiązań z zastosowaniem prefabrykatów wielkogabarytowych do budowy mostów na przykładzie realizacji kolejowych. Szczegółowo została opisana analiza rozwiązań projektowych wraz z pokazaniem zmian w pierwotnych rozwiązaniach.
EN
The article presents the variety of precast concrete elements optemARCH and optemFRAME. It describes how good cooperation between the participants of an investment process can provide the best construction solution and fine economic results. The paper also presents the advantages and disadvantages of using a reinforced concrete connection between two precast concrete elements based on static calculations.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza porównawcza prowadzenia obliczeń statyczno-wytrzymałościowych prowadzonych zgodnie z polską normą oraz Eurokodami. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na różnice w przyjmowaniu obciążenia eksploatacyjnego, na różne podejście obu systemów norm do wyznaczania współczynnika dynamicznego tego obciążenia oraz na przyjmowaną wytrzymałość betonu na ściskanie. Artykuł wskazuje, że istnieje możliwość redukcji dynamicznej oddziaływania ruchomego przyjmowanego zgodnie z Eurokodem.
EN
The article describes in detail differences between various assumptions made in the two systems. Particular attention has been paid to the live load, the dynamic amplification factor and the design value of concrete compressive strength. The article indicates that there is a possibility for a dynamic reduction in live loads according to Eurocodes. The results are acceptable. Moreover, the author has proposed the αcc coefficient value.
PL
Celem prezentowanych badań było określenie relacji pomiędzy koncentracjami sześciu metali ciężkich w muszlach dziewięciu wytypowanych gatunków mięczaków w relacji do ich stężeń w wodzie i osadach dennych. Na podstawie analizy danych określono przydatność muszli jako elementu organizmu wskaźnikowego. Wskazano również, które gatunki mięczaków najlepiej opisują badane relacje.
EN
The aim of the presented research was to determine the relationship between concentrations of six heavy metals in the shells of nine selected species of mollusks and their concentrations in water and bottom deposits. Based on a data analysis, the usefulness of shells as an indicator organism element was determined. The authors also indicate which species of mollusks are the best reflection of the examined relationship.
5
Content available remote The crossed-lamellar structure of mollusk shells as biocomposite material
EN
Composites produced in nature, such as mollusc shells, are renowned for their unique structures and exceptional properties. The crystallographic characterization of different shells as well as their physical and chemical properties have always attracted the interest of researchers. Much information is available at present, however, most of it concerns sea molluscs. We focused on the microstructures and chemical composition of the shell of land snails of the Cepaea genus. New aspects of the microstructure of shells have been shown through the use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an EDS X-ray detector, and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The study shows that all the tested snail shells are characterized by a typical crossed-lamellar structure and are built of aragonite. Small differences in the chemical composition of the shells as well as differences in the size of the crystallites and different proportions of the amorphous phase were also noticed.
PL
Naturalne materiały kompozytowe charakteryzują się unikalną strukturą i wyjątkowymi właściwościami mechanicznymi. Obecnie dostępnych jest wiele informacji na ten temat, ale większość z nich dotyczy mięczaków morskich. W artykule skupiono się na mikrostrukturze i składzie chemicznym muszli ślimaków lądowych z rodzaju Cepaea. Opisano strukturę skrzyżowanych płytek muszli tych ślimaków jako przykład naturalnego materiału biokompozytowego. Mikrostrukturę zbadano za pomocą skaningowego mikroskopu elektronowego (SEM), detektora promieniowania rentgenowskiego (EDS) i dyfraktometru rentgenowskiego (XRD). Wykazano, że badane muszle ślimaków charakteryzują się typową strukturą skrzyżowanych płytek i są zbudowane z aragonitu. Zauważono niewielkie różnice w składzie chemicznym, w wielkości krystalitów muszli badanych gatunków, a także w udziale fazy amorficznej.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono cały proces powstawania przejścia dla zwierząt PE-1.1, zlokalizowanego w km 43 + 452 drogi ekspresowej S7, od projektu aż po realizację obiektu.
EN
The article presents the entire process of the design and construction of the wildlife crossing PE-1.1. It describes the modeling of the structure in details. Particular attention has been paid to the complexity of this issue. The paper also presents the selected details of the installation of a precast concrete arch bridge system and interesting problems the designer of the structure had to deal with. Moreover, the advantages of using precast concrete arch bridge systems are presented as an alternative to other technologies. Finally, in conclusions, the article point out that nowadays, due to the technology, it is possible to customize precast elements to meet the design assumptions.
EN
Environmental adaptation of molluscs during evolution has led to form biomineral exoskeleton – shell. The main compound of their shells is calcium carbonate, which is represented by calcite and/or aragonite. The mineral part, together with the biopolymer matrix, forms many types of microstructures, which are differ in texture. Different types of internal shell microstructures are characteristic for some bivalve groups. Studied bivalve species (freshwater species – duck mussel (Anodonta anatina Linnaeus, 1758) and marine species – common cockle (Cerastoderma edule Linnaeus, 1758), lyrate Asiatic hard clam (Meretrix lyrata Sowerby II, 1851) and blue mussel (Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758)) from different locations and environmental conditions, show that the internal shell microstructure with the shell morphology and thickness have critical impact to the ability to survive in changing environment and also to the probability of surviving predator attack. Moreover, more detailed studies on molluscan structures might be responsible for create mechanically resistant nanomaterials.
EN
Mollusc shells from archaeological excavations are often well preserved and allow for species identification and measurements. Large shell assemblages can provide information for environmental reconstruction and investigation of anthropogenic impacts. In this study we compare freshwater mussel shells from a shell midden excavated on a lake island in northern Poland, dated 2,700–2,600 BP, with contemporary populations from that lake. No changes in species composition occurred, with only Unio tumidus and Anodonta sp. present in the prehistoric sample, and Unio tumidus and Anodonta anatina in the contemporary one. In both the archaeological and contemporary samples, shells of Unio tumidus were relatively small (mean shell length 49.3 ± 5.2 mm, max 64 mm, and 46.0 ±5.9 mm, max 61 mm, respectively). However, the values of all measured characteristics (length, height, mass, and thickness) were significantly lower in the contemporary compared to prehistoric shells. In modern times, in the region of the study largescale forest clearing and conversion of land into agricultural areas occurred; presently areas of intensive agriculture directly adjoin the lake. Dwarfing of the shells likely results from anthropogenic deterioration of mussel habitat.
EN
Two fossil helicid snails, Tropidomphalus incrassatus (KLEIN, 1853) and Cepaea sylvestrina gottschicki WENZ, 1919, from the .detrital Sarmatian. (Middle Miocene) of the northernmost part of the Fore-Carpathian Depression were macroscopically analysed in daylight and UV-light to reveal the original shell colour pattern. The analysis shows a high degree of polymorphism in C. sylvestrina gottschicki, similar to that in the extant species Cepaea nemoralis (LINNAEUS, 1758) and Cepaea hortensis (O.F. MULLER, 1774), and results in the recognition of eight different banding patterns, at least four of which have never been presented before. The banding type in T. incrassatus shows strong convergence with that in the extant representatives of the Campylaeinae. It is suggested that restoration of the original shell colour pattern may serve as a useful tool in palaeoecological reconstructions.
10
Content available remote Simulative approach to solution of optimal design problems of shell construction
EN
The paper presents simulative approach to structural optimization problems of shell construction, which are under static loads or realize free vibrations. Optimization (control) functions are the functions, which determine middle surface, thickness (or internal and external surfaces) and physical properties of shell. As a result of approximation of optimization functions we received the mathematical programming problem. Static problems and free vibration problems are solved by the finite element method using isoparametric finite element approximations. Such characteristics as weight, functional of displacement, stress, eigenvalues are calculated according to full models and simulative models. To approximate these characteristics the multiplicative functions are used, parameters of which are calculated using the value of the functions and their derivatives. The examples of optimization of shell constructions demonstrate the capabilities of the present approach.
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