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1

Effectiveness of the power and speed dry-land training in female swimmers aged 15–16

Guzik-Kopyto Agata, Nowakowska-Lipiec Katarzyna, Nocoń Anna, Gzik Marek, Michnik Robert

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 2

13--21

EN

Purpose: This work aimed to define the impact of the introduction of power and speed dry-land training in female swimmers aged 15–16 on the rise of time results at a distance of 200 m and on the increase of the strength level of the muscle groups in the elbow joint. Method: The investigations were conducted on a group of 28 junior female swimmers: group 1 (aged 13–14) with speed and endurance training based on “water” exercises; group 2 (aged 15–16) with extra power and speed dry-land training. The following parameters were analyzed: time results, the moments of muscle forces in the elbow joint at the extension and flexion movements in isokinetic conditions and the ratio of the values of moments of muscle forces of flexors in relation to extensors. Results: Statistically significant differences between groups were found for the following parameters: the time results from swimming 200 m with ( p < 0.001) and without using lower limbs ( p = 0.031), the ratio of the moments of muscle forces of flexors to extensors ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of the correlation analysis show that the higher the moments of muscle forces of flexors and extensors of the elbow joint, the shorter the time obtained in swimming 200 m in the freestyle stroke.

2

Body balance a few years after total hip replacement

Wareńczak Agnieszka, Lisiński Przemysław

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2020

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Vol. 22, no. 1

87--96

EN

These aim of the study was to conduct a long-term evaluation of whether total hip replacement permanently affects the dynamic body balance. Methods: Twenty-five patients after the unilateral total hip replacement (mean age: 69.9 ± 6.2) and 25 subjects without the total hip replacement (mean age: 68.4 ± 4.8) who matched the age and overall health participated in this study. The force platform and functional tests such as Timed Up and Go, 3m walk test, Functional Reach Test, 30s Chair Stand Test, Step Test and Berg Balance Scale were used to assess dynamic balance. The results obtained in individual trials were compared using the Student’s t-test for independent variables, the Welch test or the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test. Results: Subjects from the THR group exhibited significantly increased time and distance in the tests performed on the force platform, compared to the control group. We also observed worse balance and functional test scores in the THR group: Timed Up and Go test ( p < 0.001), 3 m walk test ( p < 0.001), Functional Reach Test ( p < 0.001), 30 s Chair Stand Test ( p = 0.001) and Step Test (operated leg: p < 0.001, non-operated leg: p < 0.001). The results obtained in the Berg Balance Scale tests were not significantly different between the groups ( p = 0.218). Conclusions: We observed significant differences in postural stability and dynamic balance between patients after THR and subjects in the same age without endoprosthesis. Our research shows that total hip replacement permanently impairs patients’ dynamic balance and their functionality in certain lower-extremity activities.

3

Lower extremity muscle strength, postural stability and functional movement screen in female basketball players after ACL reconstruction : Preliminary report

Wrzesień Zuzanna, Truszczynska-Baszak Aleksandra, Rzepka Remigiusz

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2019

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Vol. 21, no. 2

71--81

EN

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is a common injury in basketball. Its consequence is a long absence from training, resulting from surgical treatment and long physiotherapy. The aim of the study was to assess muscle strength, postural stability and functional movements in female basketball players, who returned to professional sport careers after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Methods: The study population consisted of 10 female basketball players after surgical reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament. The control group consisted of 10 players without ACL injury. We used the Biodex System 4 Pro dynamometer to assess the muscle strength of the knee. We used it to conduct the test of flexors and extensors of the knee in isokinetic conditions. We also used Keiser Power Squat A300 in the single leg squat to measure power and the Biodex Balance SD dynamographic platform to assess balance in single leg stance. Results: We found deficits in both movement patterns and in muscle strength in the study population, compared to control group. Conclusions: The basketball players after ACL reconstruction had significant differences between the operated and non-operated limb. The differences may predispose them towards repeated ACL injuries.

4

Do different muscle strength levels affect stability during unplanned gait termination?

Cen Xuanzhen, Jiang Xinyan, Gu Yaodong

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2019

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Vol. 21, no. 4

27--35

EN

Unplanned gait termination (UGT) widely occurs in various sports and daily life as a kind of stress response to unexpected stimulus. However, the body stability may be greatly affected when the body completely stops. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between muscle strength levels and body stability during UGT through comparing the plantar pressure. Methods: Twenty healthy participants (10 male and 10 female) with different lower limbs muscle strength and power were asked to perform planned gait termination (PGT) and unplanned gait termination (UGT) on an 8-m walkway. Related plantar pressure data including maximum pressure, maximum force, contact area and center of pressure were recorded with Footscan pressure platform. Results: Two types of gait termination have significant differences in the plantar pressure distribution. Maximum pressure and maximum force in the lateral metatarsal increased significantly during UGT, compared to PGT. At the same time, data from the current study suggested that there might be a correlation between the muscle strength levels of individual and the stability during the gait termination, especially between the muscle power and UGT, which means that the more excellent muscle power an individual has, the more stable the body is when UGT is performed. Conclusions: The findings suggest that different muscle strength levels could affect stability during unplanned gait termination.

5

Stabilometric indicators as an element of verifying rehabilitation of patients before and after reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament

Ogrodzka-Ciechanowicz K., Czechowska D., Chwała W., Ślusarski J., Gądek A.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2018

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Vol. 20, no. 1

101--107

EN

The aim of the study was to evaluate effectiveness of rehabilitation in patients before and after rACL, based on stabilographic indicators. Methods: The research group was comprised of 31 men aged 20–57 with anterior cruciate ligament injury, qualified for reconstruction surgery. A measurement of static stabilometric indicators and muscle strength was taken twice for each patient – before surgery and after 6 months. To assess stabilographic indicators the stabilographic platform was used and to asses muscle strength a dynamometer was used. In order to assess knee function the Lysholm scale and VAS scale were used. Results: The rehabilitation programme improved static stability of the knee in the frontal plane, which is manifested by a significant shortening of the SPML path length. Rehabilitation proceedings should focus on improving static stability of the knee joint in the sagittal plane, because the results obtained indicate only a slight shortening of the SPAP length. The results of the Lysholm and VAS scales point to a positive influence of the applied rehabilitation. Conclusion: Inclusion into rehabilitation diagnostic tools to assess stabilometric indicators enables for effective verification of rehabilitation proceedings focused on restoring body posture control before and after the rACL.

6

Evaluation of relationship between the results of selected tests for muscle strength assessment of the hip abductors

Szczygieł E., Kotla K., Masłoń A., Golec J., Czechowska D., Staszkiewicz R., Krzywda E., Golec E.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2018

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Vol. 20, no. 2

125--131

EN

Purpose: The assessment of hip joint abductor muscle strength is most often carried out using a dynamometric test. However, both in clinical practice and literature, evaluation is performed by means of the single-leg half-squat or the amount of abduction movements performed in the hip joint. In this context, the question arises whether the results of individual tests are convergent. The aim of the study is to evaluate the relationship between strength of the hip abductor muscle measured by dynamometer, the single-leg-squat and the number of repetitions of the movements in time. Methods: A group of 35 students (20 women and 15 men) between 20 and 24 years old participated in the study. Each student was subjected to three tests assessing the condition of the hip and associated abductor muscles. Those included: assessment of hip joint abduction muscle strength in a dynamometric study, assessment of the number of abdomen movements performed lying on the side and standing, during a 30-second interval, and the single-leg-squat test. Results: Based on the tests conducted, a significant relationship was observed between the muscle strength measurement results for the left and right side in the dynamometric study and the number of hip abduction repetitions in 30 seconds and the single-leg-squat test. Conclusions: The obtained results indicate a significant relationship between the results of all the tests. In practice, this means that the tests can be used interchangeably.

7

Correlations between somatic features, anteroposterior spinal curvatures and trunk muscle strength in schoolchildren

Barczyk-Pawelec K., Dziubek W., Piechura J. R., Rożek K.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2017

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Vol. 19, no. 1

133--139

EN

Background: Evaluation of body posture and strength of spinal muscles in children during their progressive ontogenesis is significant for the evaluation of their physical health condition and physical fitness. It is also a reference point in a process of control and medical care. Purpose: The aim if this study was to evaluate correlation between the selected features of somatic body structure, shape of anteroposterior spinal curves and force-velocity (FV) parameters of trunk muscles in school children. Participants and methods: The sample involved 104 children aged 10–11 years, 60 females (10.74 ± 0.7) and 44 males (10.50 ± 0.9). Body posture was assessed using the Moiré photogrammetry while trunk muscles (flexors and extensors) strength was measured isokinetically. Results: The results of the research revealed the existence of many average and strong correlations observed between the analysed somatic characteristics and forcevelocity (FV) parameters of trunk muscles. Correlation between the volume of the spinal curvatures in the sagittal plane and forcevelocity parameters of trunk extensors and flexors were average or weak for both groups of children. Conclusion: Somatic features indicated stronger correlation with trunk muscles' strength than with the size of the anteroposterior spinal curves.

8

Analysis of upper limb muscle strength in the early phase of brain stroke

Starosta M., Kostka J., Redlicka J., Miller E.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2017

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Vol. 19, no. 3

85--91

EN

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the muscles with the lowest strength in nonaffected (non-A) and affected upper limb (A), to assess differences between men and women and to correlate these values with age in patients after stroke. Methods: Sixty hospitalized in Neurorehabilitation Ward patients (40 male, 20 female), 1-2 weeks after stroke, were enrolled to the study. Their age ranged from 50 to 80 years with a mean (sd) of 65,5 (18,7) years. Muscle force values from upper limb muscles were measured using the MicroFet 2 hand-held dynamometer. The results are displayed in newtons [N], mean values of muscular force, effect sizes and confidence intervals displayed as Cohen’s d and 95% CI were determined. Moreover, we made the coefficients correlation for differences in muscular force versus the Rivermead Motor Assessment (RMA) arm section. Results: Strength of (A) upper limb in comparison to (non-A) was 39% weaker. The severely affected muscle groups were the shoulder flexion 41% (women) versus 46% (men); elbow flexion 39% (women) versus 31% (men); wrist extension 36% (women) versus 42% (men). No significant correlations were found between muscle strength results and RMA or age. Conclusions: Muscle force of (A) upper limb after stroke demonstrates 39% decrease. Men show more significant decrease than women (40% vs 35%). Functional assessment in RMA values show the better results in women (4,9 ± 4,1) than men (3,4 ± 3,2).

9

Muscle torque of healthy individuals and individuals with spastic hemiparesis after passive static streching

Freitas S. T. T., Abreu E. M. C., Reis M. C., Cunha B. S., Prianti T. S. M., Lima F. P., Lima M. O.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2016

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Vol. 18, no. 1

35--39

EN

Spasticity is one of the main causes of contracture, muscle weakness and subsequent functional incapacity. The passive static stretching can be included as having the purpose of increasing musculoskeletal flexibility, however, it also can influence the muscle torque. The objective is to verify the immediate effect of passive static stretching in the muscle strength of healthy and those who present spastic hemiparesis. There were assessed 20 subjects, 10 spastic hemiparetic (EG) and 10 healthy individuals (CG), including both sexes, aged between 22 and 78 years. The torque of extensor muscles of the knee was analyzed using isokinetic dynamometer. Results have shown that EG has less muscle torque compared to CG ( p < 0.01). In addition, EG presented a decrease in significance of muscle torque after stretching ( p < 0.05), however, it has not shown significant alteration in muscle torque of CG after performing the program that was prescribed. Immediately after the passive stretch, a significant torque decrease can be seen in hypertonic muscle; it is believed that this reduction may be associated with the physiological overlap between actin and myosin filaments and so preventing the muscle to develop a maximum contraction.

10

Wyznaczanie sił mięśniowych i reakcji w stawach kończyny dolnej podczas naskoku i odbicia

Drapała K., Dziewiecki K., Mazur Z., Blajer W.

Modelowanie Inżynierskie

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2012

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T. 13, nr 44

49-56

PL

W artykule opisano metodę wyznaczania -poprzez rozwiązanie zadania symulacji dynamicznej odwrotnej -sił mięśniowych i reakcji w stawach kończyny dolnej podczas naskoku i odbicia z jednej nogi. Kończynę wydzielono z ciała człowieka i zamodelowano jako płaski łańcuch kinematyczny zaczepiony w stawie biodrowym, sterowany za pomocą dziewięciu sił mięśniowych. Danymi wejściowymi dla symulacji są charakterystyki kinematyczne ruchu (pomierzone metodami fotogrametrycznymi) oraz, w fazie kontaktu z podłożem, reakcje od podłoża na stopę (zmierzone na platformie dynamometrycznej). Przedstawiono zarówno najistotniejsze elementy zbudowanego modelu obliczeniowego jak i wybrane wyniki symulacji dynamicznej odwrotnej analizowanego skoku.

EN

The paper developes an effective method for the determination of muscle forces and joint reaction forces in the lower limb, developed as the inverse dynamics simulation during one-leg jump composed as a sequence of a short flight phase (hurdle from one leg to another), one-leg contact phase with the ground (landing and take-off), and another flight phase (ballistic flight after the take-off). The main steps of the developed formulation are shortly presented, and selected simulation results of the sample movement are reported.

11

Biomechaniczna ocena zdolności siłowych siatkarek

Michnik R., Jurkojć J., Czapla K.

Modelowanie Inżynierskie

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2012

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T. 13, nr 44

217-222

PL

W ramach pracy przedstawiono metodykę badań umożliwiającą wyznaczenie izokinetycznych charakterystyk zespołów mięśniowych stawu kolanowego, pozwalających na ocenę stopnia wytrenowania sportowców oraz weryfikację metod treningowych. W ramach badań dokonano pomiarów momentów sił mięśniowych w warunkach pracy izokinetycznej na stanowisku pomiarowym Biodex System Pro 4. Badania przeprowadzono na grupie zawodniczek drużyny AZS Politechnika Śląska.

EN

A research methodology enabling determination of isokinetic characteristics of knee flexors and extensors muscles is presented in the paper. The methodology can be used in estimation of volleyball players fitness and evaluation of training methods. Within the frame of conducted research measurements of muscle forces torques of knee flexors and extensors were carried out. All measurements were performed by means of the Biodex System Pro 4.The group of professional volleyball players from the AZS Silesian University of Technology team was examined.

12

Identyfikacja sił mięśniowych podczas chodu dzieci z zaburzeniami neurologicznymi

Tejszerska D, Świtoński E, Michnik R, Głowacka A, Jochymczyk-Woźniak K, Jureczko P

Aktualne Problemy Biomechaniki

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2010

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z. 4

259--262

PL

W pracy przeprowadzono badania doświadczalne oraz badania modelowe chodu dzieci z zaburzeniami neurologicznymi. W obliczeniach numerycznych wykorzystano model matematyczny ruchu kończyn dolnych pozwalający na wyznaczenie sił generowanych przez mięśnie. Identyfikację sił mięśniowych przeprowadzono przy wykorzystaniu metod optymalizacyjnych.

EN

This work investigates the experimental and model studies of children’s gait with neurological disorders. In numerical calculations was used a mathematical model of motion of the lower limbs, which helps to determine the forces generated by muscles. Identification of muscle forces was conducted using optimization methods.

13

Contralateral effects after power training of isolated muscles in women

Mastalerz A., Woźniak A., Urbaniak C., Lutosławska G.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2010

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Vol. 12, no. 2

65-71

EN

The purpose of that study was to determine the effect of training of one side of the body on changing the value of the muscle torques on trained and untrained sides. Twenty female students from the Warsaw University of Physical Education were subject to a four-week knee joint power training regimen on the specially designed stand. The same load but different rest time between lapses (120 vs. 30 seconds) were applied to both groups. The load was applied in a form of bending moment equal to 30% of MVC. Bilateral knee force was measured on the Biodex System 3 Pro under isometric conditions. Extension of the rest time between lapses resulted in a higher increase of the strength build-up. Power training causes a similar increase of force generating capacity in both groups for untrained leg. Therefore we have to conclude that there is no influence on homogeneous force improvement for untrained leg after power training.

14

The influence of training with two different intensities on the level of muscle strength and power of jump

Iwańska D., Mastalerz A., Ostrowska E., Madej A., Staniszewski M., Urbanik C.

Zeszyty Naukowe Katedry Mechaniki Stosowanej / Politechnika Śląska

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2006

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z. 26

137-142

EN

The aim of the study was the evaluation of training with two different intensities on the level of muscle strength and power of lower extremities. There were twenty six students from the University of Physical Education investigated in thai experiment. They were divided into 2 groups. The training lasted four weeks (live days per week). The exercises consisted of four sets of ten take offs on the inclined plane. Each week started with research of muscle strength and power of CMJ jump measurements. These tests were also used to monitored trainings effects for the next 2 weeks.

15

Ocena wpływu czasu trwania ćwiczeń na wartość sił mięśniowych w obrębie stawu kolanowego

Skiba O., Jurkojć J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Katedry Mechaniki Stosowanej / Politechnika Śląska

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2004

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z. 24

191-198

PL

W artykule przedstawiono przebieg zmęczenia mięśni prostowników stawu kolanowego w trakcie wykonywania ćwiczeń. Zmęczenie to zostało określone podczas wykonywania pracy beztlenowej. Zamieszczono wykresy obrazujące przebieg tych zmian. Opisano również stanowisko pomiarowe wykorzystane do badań oraz pracę beztlenową mięśni.

EN

The way of fatigue of knee extensors during anaerobic exercises as well as courses of this changes are presented in the paper. A measuring device and anaerobic work of muscles are described.

16

Identyfikacja sił mięśniowych kręgosłupa człowieka - badania doświadczalne, modelowanie

Mańka I.

Zeszyty Naukowe Katedry Mechaniki Stosowanej / Politechnika Śląska

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2004

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z. 24

171-178

PL

W artykule zawarto wyniki uzyskane podczas badań przeprowadzonych na opracowanym stanowisku, służącym do wyznaczania wartości sił mięśniowych człowieka. Przedstawiono również metodę identyfikacji sił pochodzących od pojedynczych mięśni otrzymanych w wyniku obliczeń numerycznych.

EN

The paper presents results of experimental determination of maximal forces, generated by spinał muscular groups during different exercises, combined with computational identification of forces generated by single muscles, performed with the use of optimizing methods.