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1

Identification of muscle movements and activity by experimental methods for selected cases – stage #2

Dejneka Aleksandra, Małachowski Jerzy, Mazurkiewicz Łukasz

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2022

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Vol. 24, no. 4

3--11

EN

The aim of the performed tests and static measurements was to determine the torque and to determine the activity curve for individual muscle heads during the flexion-extension movement in the elbow joint. Methods: Both heads of the biceps branchial muscle and the triceps muscle of the arm – long head and lateral head – were examined. Static measurements were carried out for four selected positions of the upper limb. For each pose, a measurement series consisting of five attempts of ten seconds of effort was performed. Isometric contraction was performed as 100% of the maximum voluntary MVC contraction. Dynamic measurements were carried out when working in isokinetic conditions. In both stages, an EMG and a Biodex isokinetic dynamometer were used. Results: During the analyses, it was assumed that the average value of the torque is equal to the approximate value of the torque of a given head under static conditions. The value of the torque of the biceps brachial muscle, long head was 48.04 Nm and for the short head – 45.82 Nm. For the triceps muscle of the long head, this value was 52.52 Nm and for the lateral head – 38.06 Nm. On the basis of dynamic measurements, four activation curves were determined for each of the heads during the 7-second task. For the curves, the sum value of muscle activity in a given period of time was calculated as the area under the curve. Conclusions: Both parts of the series of articles present a series of experimental studies conducted in order to determine the parameters for one patient, for whom a personalized numerical model of the upper limb was ultimately created. Static measurements were carried out to determine the maximum values of the moments of forces. Dynamic measurements allowed for the determination of activity curves during the movement of the upper limb.

2

Comparison of muscle activity during hand rim and lever wheelchair propulsion over flat terrain

Błażkiewicz Michalina, Wiszomirska Ida, Fiok Krzysztof, Mróz Anna, Kosmol Andrzej, Mikicin Mirosław, Molik Bartosz, Marszałek Jolanta

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2019

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Vol. 21, no. 3

67--74

EN

The aim of this study was to compare the activity of upper limb muscles during hand rim wheelchair propulsion and lever wheelchair propulsion at two different velocity levels. Methods: Twenty male volunteers with physical impairments participated in this study. Their task was to push a lever wheelchair and a hand rim wheelchair on a mechanical wheelchair treadmill for 4 minutes at a speed of 3.5 km/h and 4.5 km/h in a flat race setting (conditions of moving over flat terrain). During these trials, activity of eight muscles of upper limbs were examined using surface electromyography. Results: The range of motion in the elbow joint was significantly higher in lever wheelchair propulsion (59.8 ± 2.43°) than in hand rim wheelchair propulsion (43.9 ± 0.26°). Such values of kinematics resulted in a different activity of muscles. All the muscles were more active during lever wheelchair propulsion at both velocity levels. The only exceptions were extensor and flexor carpi muscles which were more active during hand rim wheelchair propulsion due to the specificity of a grip. In turn, the examined change in the velocity (by 1 km/h) while moving over flat terrain also caused a different EMG timing of muscle activation depending on the type of propulsion. Conclusions: Lever wheelchair propulsion seems to be a good alternative to hand rim wheelchair propulsion owing to a different movement technique and a different EMG timing of muscle activity. Therefore, we believe that lever wheelchair propulsion should serve as supplement to traditional propulsion.

3

Thermographic evaluation of muscle activity after front crawl swimming in young men

Novotny J., Rybarova S., Zacha D., Novotny J. Jr., Bernacikova M., Ramadan W.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2017

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Vol. 19, no. 4

109--116

EN

The information about the workload on individual muscles in the course of a specific physical activity is essential for targeted prevention, early diagnosis and suitable therapy concerning their overloading and injury. The aim of this study is to evaluate temperature changes in particular skin areas in the course of front crawl swimming, caused by muscle work. Methods: Thermograms were taken of 13 students of Defense University immediately and 15 minutes after swimming 1,000 m focused on 20 regions of the skin over the selected agonists and synergists in upper extremities and body. FLUKE TiR infrared hand camera was used. Results: The results indicated the significant increase in the relative temperatures in the areas of agonists of swimmers’ movement – triceps brachii: from 0.952 to 0.997 of normalized units (nu) on the right and from 0.955 to 0.986 nu on the left. At the same time, the temperature of the muscles participating in lifting the arms above the water surface and stretching them forward – deltoids – increased as well (rear part: from 1.002 to 1.015 nu on the right and from 1.002 to 1.014 nu on the left, sides: from 1.008 to 1.023 nu on the right and from 1.011 to 1.023 nu on the left). Conclusions: In conclusion, the order of the other agonists is as follows: biceps brachii, pectoralis major muscle, and latissimus dorsi. This study provides the options for objective assessment of workload on specific muscles or muscle groups during front crawl swimming.

4

Development of statistical models for predicting muscle and mental activities during repetitive precision tasks

Zadry H. R., Dawal S. Z. M., Taha Z.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2016

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Vol. 22, No. 3

374--383

EN

This study was conducted to develop muscle and mental activities on repetitive precision tasks. A laboratory experiment was used to address the objectives. Surface electromyography was used to measure muscle activities from eight upper limb muscles, while electroencephalography recorded mental activities from six channels. Fourteen university students participated in the study. The results show that muscle and mental activities increase for all tasks, indicating the occurrence of muscle and mental fatigue. A linear relationship between muscle activity, mental activity and time was found while subjects were performing the task. Thus, models were developed using those variables. The models were found valid after validation using other students’ and workers’ data. Findings from this study can contribute as a reference for future studies investigating muscle and mental activity and can be applied in industry as guidelines to manage muscle and mental fatigue, especially to manage job schedules and rotation.

5

Biomechanical characteristics of the jump down of healthy subjects and patients with knee injuries

Mielińska A., Czamara A., Szuba Ł., Będziński R.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2015

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Vol. 17, no. 2

111--120

EN

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the drop jump performance of male patients who underwent ACLR and a control group using combined data acquisition system. Methods: A total of 28 male subjects aged 20 to 26 were studied: 22 did not show and were not diagnosed with any knee joint dysfunction (the control group) and six men who underwent ACLR of the left limb (group of patients). The control group was age, height and body mass matched. A data acquisition setup consisting of three independent modules including force platforms, position analysis system and electromyography was used. Subjects were jumping down from 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 m step heights. The acquired signals were used to determine the ground reaction force, muscular activity, mass centre position, velocity and acceleration. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between the groups (t-test, p < 0.05) in the maximum vertical ground reaction force in the left limb for 0.2 and 0.3 m step heights. Differences in the muscle activity between the groups were found to be statistically significant (t-test, p < 0.05) before the jump, during the landing phase, and after the jump for selected muscle groups and step heights. Conclusion: Combing the three independent measurement systems provided new information on drop jump biomechanics. The distribution of loads in different muscles was not uniform across the groups. Patients allocated more energy to control their motion and seemed to protect their operated limb by shifting the bodyweight to the healthy limb.

6

Surface electromyography for assessing triceps brachii muscle activities: a literature review

Ali A., Sundaraj K., Ahmad R. B., Ahamed N. U., Islam A.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 33, no. 4

187--195

EN

The goal of this review was to summarise the scientific findings of research conducted on the triceps brachii muscle using surface electromyography. To achieve this goal, we searched through several articles available from the online databases ScienceDirect and SpringerLink published in the English language between January 2008 and June 2012. We specifically searched for the phrases ‘‘EMG’’ and ‘‘triceps brachii’’ in the title, abstract, keywords or methods sections. From a total of 569 articles we identified 77 potentially relevant studies where 42 studies have been examined triceps brachii muscle activity using surface electromyography that applied in the field of rehabilitation, physiological exercise, sports, and prosthesis control. Among the 42 articles found, 16 studies have been examined triceps brachii muscle activity in rehabilitation, 13 for physiological exercise, 9 for sports, and 4 for prosthesis control in this literature review. We therefore believe that the information contained in this review will greatly assist and guide the progress of studies that use surface electromyography to measure triceps brachii muscle activity in the context of rehabilitation, physiological exercise, sports, and prosthesis control.

7

Finger curvature movement recognition interface technique using SEMG signals

Itoh Y., Uematsu H., Nogata F., Nemoto T., Inamori A., Koide K., Matsuura H.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 23, nr 2

43-46

EN

Purpose: Until recently, keyboard has been used as the primary input method for machinery operation system. But in recent years, numerous methods related to direct input interface have been developed. One of them is to measure the surface electric potential that generates on the skin surface during muscle contraction. Based of this fact, hand finger operation can also be recognized with the help of the surface muscle electric potential. The purpose of this study is to identify the hand finger operation using surface electromyogram (SEMG) during crookedness state of the finger. Design/methodology/approach: Two electrodes (Ag-AgCl electrode) were sticked randomly on the forearm muscles and the intensity of EMG signals at different muscles were measured for each crooked finger. Then depending on the intensity of the obtained electric potentials, a position was located and considered to have participated most actively during the crookedness state of that finger. Thus five locations on the forearm muscles were identified for five different fingers. Moreover, four different types of crookedness states were considered for each finger. Findings: In this experimental study, the electric current that generates on the skin during muscle activity was measured for different hand finger operations. As a result, it is found that there is a specified position related the maximum intensity of EMG signals for each finger. Practical implications: This paper cleared that the amount of crookedness of each finger can also be recognized with the help of surface EMG. It could be used as a machine interface technology in the field of welfare equipments, robot hand operation, virtual reality, etc. Originality/value: The objective of this research project was to develop the method of recognizing the hand finger operation and their crookedness states from surface electromyogram (SEMG).

8

The Influence of Clothes Made from Natural and Synthetic Fibres on the Activity of the Motor Units in Selected Muscles in the Forearm - Preliminary Studies

Zimniewska M., Huber J., Krucińska I., Torlińska T., Kozłowski R.

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2002

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Vol. 8, no. 4 (39)

55--59

EN

The present paper deals with new health aspects of clothing. These research studies were undertaken to determine the influence of natural and synthetic fibres which temporarily cover the forearm muscles on the activity of the motor units in these muscles. The electrophysiological parameters of motor units were measured with electromyographical methods. The results of the tests showed that temporarily covering the examined muscles in the forearm with synthetic clothing changed the pattern of the motor units’ activity. Covering the forearm with natural clothing evoked no such effect.

PL

W artykule opisano nowe zjawisko, jakim jest wpływ odzieży na stan czynnościowy mięśni użytkownika. Badano parametry elektromiograficzne mięśni osłoniętych odzieżą lnianą, a następnie poliestrową. Badania przeprowadzono przy pomocy aparatu EMG. Rezultaty prac pokazały, że czasowe osłonięcie mięśni przedramienia odzieżą poliestrową częściowo zmienia zapis EMG badanych jednostek ruchowych. W przypadku osłonięcia przedramienia odzieżą lnianą, zjawiska takiego nie zauważono.

9

EMG of arm and forearm muscle activities with regard to handgrip force in relation to upper limb location

Roman-Liu D., Tokarski T.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2002

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Vol. 4, nr 2

33-47

EN

The aim of the study was to assess the maximum force of the handgrip depending on four different upper limb locations and to analyse the influence of limb location on muscle activities connected with the handgrip force. Five upper limb and shoulder muscles were examined: extensor carpi radialis longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, biceps brachii caput breve, deltoideus pars anterior and trapezius pars descendent. The results showed that the four upper limb locations chosen are differentiated by the value of maximum handgrip force. The study also confirmed the hypothesis that upper limb location influences the component of muscle activity which is responsible for handgrip force exertion. Such a phenomenon was especially obvious in extensor carpi radialis and deltoid pars anterior muscles. The activity of the flexor carpi ulnaris and biceps brachii caput breve muscles although strongly connected with handgrip force exertion was not sensitive to upper limb location.