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1
Content available remote Performance of massive MIMO systems under the effect of fading channel
EN
This paper evaluates the performance of an uplink OFDM-based communication system considering multipath propagation environment where a Massive MIMO approach is exploited. In this context, Zero Forcing detector is used and assessed. Numerical analysis of the mathematical model was conducted on MATLAB. The results presented in this paper include Bit Error rate (BER) and the channel capacity of QPSK/OFDM transmission through a fading channel. Performance results verify the positive effect of Massive MIMO even when reduced complexity detection technique is used.
PL
Analizowano właściwości systemu komunikacyjnego bazującego na OFDM. Uwzględniono wielostrumieniowy rozsył z eksploatacja dużego MIMO. Opracowano model matematyczny I przeprowadzono symulację określającą BER I pojemność kanału dla przesyłu QPSK/OFDM.
EN
This article provides a thorough description of a range of non-standard application cases in which EMC laboratories can be used other than those traditionally associated with this kind of facilities. The areas covered here include investigations of: wireless and radio systems (such as IoT and broadband radio systems) also that require ultra-high operational dynamic range, emulation of interference-free and/or heavilymultipath propagation environment, shielding effectiveness of cabinets and materials (i.e. thin, light and flexible as textiles as well as heavy and thick such as building construction elements).
EN
It is convenient to analyse wireless channels and links by exploiting their input-output description. This approach relies on treating the system as a black box, whose behaviour can be fully described by the relationship between the input and output signals. In this paper, we study a relationship of the above type for linear wireless channels having time-dependent parameters, which also takes a multipath propagation environment into account. A starting point for the derivations presented here is a relationship derived in the literature for this type of model with the application of a single sinusoidal input signal. The subject of this paper is the generalization of that relationship for periodic input signals and then of non-periodic signals. To the best of our knowledge, the literature lacks a suitably convincing generalization. The derivations of this paper exploit a principle of superposition valid for linear systems as well as the relations existing between Fourier series and the Fourier integrals. The discussion is illustrated by the results of simulations performed with the help of the MATLAB program.
EN
Multipath is one of the most severe station-dependent error sources in both static and kinematic positioning. Relatively new and simple detection technique using the Signal-to-Noise (SNR) measurements on three frequencies will be presented based on idea of Strode and Groves. Exploitation of SNR measurements is benefi cial especially for their unambiguous character. Method is based on the fact that SNR values are closely linked with estimation of pseudo-ranges and phase measurements during signal correlation processing. Due to this connection, combination of SNR values can be used to detect anomalous behavior in received signal, however some kind of calibration in low multipath environment has to be done previously. In case of multipath, phase measurements on different frequencies will not be affected in the same manner. Specular multipath, e.g. from building wall introduces additional path delay which is interpreted differently on each of the used carrier, due to different wavelengths. Experimental results of multipath detection in urban environment will be presented. Originally proposed method is designed to work with three different frequencies in each epoch, thus only utilization of GPS Block II-F and Galileo satellites is possible. Simplification of detection statistics to use only two frequencies is made and results using GPS and GLONASS systems are presented along with results obtained using original formula.
PL
Efekt wielodrogowości w płaszczyźnie elewacji zaowocuje błędną oceną kąta elewacji metodą monoimpulsową, a ty m samym błędnym pomiarem wysokości. Przy małych kątach elewacyjnych sygnał odbity od powierzchni ziemi będzie odbierany wiązką różnicową lub listkami bocznymi charakterystyki różnicowej. W proponowanej metodzie pomiaru wysokości dla pracy w warunkach wielodrogowości wykorzystuje się zmodyfikowaną wersję algorytmu wysokorozdzielczego MUSIC. W odróżnieniu od wersji klasycznej algorytmu wymagana jest tu założona koherencja dwóch odbieranych sygnałów użytecznych. Jako algorytm oparty na MUSIC, proponowana metoda umożliwia sprawdzanie wybranych kątów nadejścia sygnału na okoliczność wystąpienia na nich sygnału o oczekiwanej postaci w otoczeniu zakłóceń nieskorelowanych z poszukiwanym sygnałem. W analizowanym przypadku oczekiwaną postacią sygnału echa jest suma składowej bezpośredniej i odbitej. Jedną z głównych trudności z zastosowaniem wspomnianej metody jest oszacowanie parametrów rzeczywistego miejsca odbicia sygnału od powierzchni ziemi, zależnego od kąta elewacyjnego i od numeru wiersza anteny z elektronicznie sterowanym położeniem wiązki.
EN
Multipath effect in elevation plane will result in angle estimation errors, especially when the monopulse method is to be used. The received signal consists of a direct path and a multipath component, which originates in specular reflection from the ground. The latter component will be received by mainbeam of a differential antenna. In the paper a method of determining targets elevation angle during multipath propagation is analysed. The method is based on modified MUCIS algorithm, where presence of both signals - direct and reflected - is obligatory. The algorithm requires a deterministic model of radar surroundings, especially the distance to the reflection point on the ground and the value of electric permittivity in this location. In following steps it will calculate antenna's output for a given range of expected angles of arrival and the highest value will be associated with an actual measured elevation angle.
6
EN
Broadband fixed wireless access, local multipoint distribution service networks are promising wireless solutions to connect fixed users to the backbone network instead of wired copper or fiber optic networks, via point-to-multipoint cellular networks. Channel capacity is of primary importance in broadband fixed wireless access networks due to increasing demand for multimedia services and possibility of providing wireless internet. Modern radio transmission systems are specifically designed for meeting two main objectives: to provide a solution for long distance networks with high transmission capacity, and to guarantee the highest link quality. Availability of a radio-relay system is very important and dependent on many factors, particularly propagation conditions in the troposphere. The article describes wave propagation that determines the performance of a radio-relay path at 6 GHz. Attenuation of received signal level measured in this frequency range depends on propagation condition on terrestrial path. Examples of measured fading duration of are presented.
7
Content available LC phase bias investigation of ASG-EUPOS stations
EN
Monitoring of permanent stations that make up the reference frame is an integral part of the geodesists work. Selection of reference stations is based on analysis of parameters characterizing them (hardware, coordinates’ stability, mounting, location). In this paper, we took into account phase residual as an indicator of unmodelled signal. Phase residuals were computed based on ASG-EUPOS and EPN observation processing. The results show the connection between the method of mounting the antenna and the residuals. We have reviewed multipath effect at ASG-EUPOS stations, and chosen those which are characterized by the highest value of phase residual. The results show that LC phase residual is a good factor to characterize site’s solutions’ reliability. For majority of sites RMS values were less than 10 mm. Modulations associated with multipath effect were observed for few ASG-EUPOS sites only. Phase residuals are distributed specifically for sites, which antennas are mounted on pillars (more common for EPN sites). For majority of analysed sites phase residual distribution was similar for different days and did not depend directly on atmosphere condition.
PL
Monitorowanie permanentnych stacji GPS/GNSS, które tworzą układ współrzędnych stanowi integralną część pracy geodetów. Wybór takich stacji bazuje na analizie parametrów, które charakteryzują jej jakość (mi.in. sprzęt, stabilność współrzędnych, lokalizacja i montaż anteny). W przedstawionej pracy przeanalizowano jeden z nich – odchyłki obserwacji fazowych. Wartości tych różnic obliczono dla stacji EPN oraz ASG-EUPOS z rozwiązań dobowych. Dla większości z analizowanych stacji średnia kwadratowa otrzymanych odchyłek nie przekraczała 10 mm. Wartość ta oraz sam rozkład odchyłek nie zmieniał się znacząco przy różnych warunkach atmosfery. Na podstawie otrzymanych odchyłek fazowych przeanalizowano wpływ wielotorowości na tych stacjach. Modulacje wartości odchyłek na niskich kątach elewacji, których jednym ze źródeł jest efekt wielotorowości otrzymano zaledwie na kilku stacjach ASG-EUPOS. Taka sytuacja miała miejsce głównie dla stacji, których anteny zamontowane są na słupach. Wyniki pokazały, że podejście wykorzystujące analizę odchyłek liniowej kombinacji obserwacji fazowych jest dobrą metodą do oceny pracy stacji.
PL
Omówiono zjawisko propagacji wielodrogowej mające wpływ na niezawodność propagacyjną horyzontowych linii radiowych. Przedstawiono dane pomiarowe ilustrujące skutki występowania tego zjawiska, a mianowicie czasy trwania zaników.
EN
The article describes propagation multipath phenomenon influence on the propagation reliability of terrestrial line-of-sight radio links. Experimental data - duration time of fadings - illustrating that phenomenon have been shown.
PL
W artykule opisano wpływ zjawiska wielodrogowości na pracę linii radiowych zakresu 6 GHz. Przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów takich linii.
EN
This article describes the multipath phenomenon that determines the performance of a radio-relay path. Empirical fading in radio communication at 6 GHz band are showed too.
EN
This paper covers unavailability of line-of-sight radio links due to multipath propagation. Multipath fading in the atmosphere is not permanent phenomenon. The five year investigation results of the received radio signal fading in the radio links and their season empirical distributions are presented.
PL
Przedstawiono zakresy częstotliwości wykorzystywane przez horyzontowe linie radiowe łączności stałej. Omówiono zjawisko propagacji wielodrogowej mające wpływ na niezawodność propagacyjną horyzontowych linii radiowych. Przedstawiono dane pomiarowe ilustrujące skutki występowania tego zjawiska.
EN
The article describes propagation multipath phenomenon influence on the propagation reliability of terrestrial line-of-sight radio links. Experimental data illustrating that phenomenon have been shown.
12
Content available remote Analiza precyzji i dokładności pomiarów GPS w warunkach leśnych
EN
The paper presents results of GPS measurements executed in forest conditions. The GPS measurements were made with the use of dual-frequency Ashtech Z-Xtreme receivers. The test measurements were performed in the forest at the University of Warmia and Masury in Olsztyn. Two different analyses were conducted: Real Time Positioning (RTK) and post-processing data elaboration. Postprocessing GPS data were elaborated with the use of Ashtech Office Suite (AOS) software. After very careful study of static elaborations centimeter accuracy was achieved, though large errors (a few meters) could occur. Gross errors were caused by heavy obstructions due to tree canopy. It caused frequent losses of contact with satellites as well as multipath errors. Similarly in the case of RTK measurements thanks to multiple initialization of ambiguity resolution centimeter accuracy was also obtained. However, GPS/RTK measurements demand large experience in GPS elaboration as well as very thorough knowledge of GPS positioning. Very important issue is careful planning of GPS sessions as well as applying appropriate GPS receiver sets. Future combination of GPS and GLONASS with GALILEO systems will bring considerable improvement in getting reasonable results in forest conditions, especially RTK positioning seems very costeffective in forest conditions.
13
Content available remote Edge decompositions of multigraphs into multi-2-paths
EN
We establish the computational time complexity of the existence problem of a decomposition of an instance multigraph into isomorphic 3-vertex paths with multiple edges. If the two edge multiplicities are distinct, the problem is NPC; if mutually equal then polynomial.
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