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Fertiliser properties of wastewater sludge and sludge ash - a case study from the Finnish forest industry

Oksanen Juha, Pöykiö Risto, Dahl Olli

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2023

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Vol. 30, nr 1

63--78

EN

In this case study we compared the fertiliser properties of an industrial wastewater treatment sludge and a sludge ash to the requirements of the Finnish Fertiliser Product Decree. The sludge was obtained from the activated sludge wastewater treatment plant of a Finnish non-integrated pulp mill. The sludge was furthermore incinerated at a laboratory in a muffle furnace (850 °C) to obtain sludge ash. The total Cd (4.9 mg/kg d.m.) concentration in the pulp sludge exceeded the Finnish limit value (1.5 mg/kg d.m.) for fertiliser products used in agriculture. In the sludge ash, the total concentration of Cd (39 mg/kg; d.m.) exceeded the Finnish limit value (25 mg/kg d.m.) for ash fertilisers used in forestry. These results restrict the potential reuse options of these residues. However, from the utilisation point of view, the enrichment of essential plant macro-nutrients was most notable, resulting to the following total concentrations of these elements in the sludge ash: P (26,000 mg/kg d.m.), S (40,000 mg/kg d.m.), K (11,000 mg/kg d.m.), Ca (83,000 mg/kg d.m.) and Mg (10,000 mg/kg d.m.). Therefore, we conclude that, the converting of sludge into ash may promote the reuse of this wastewater treatment residue to a more value-adding fertiliser by-product to be used as a soil improver and growing medium in landscaping or landfills sites or other closed industrial areas, where heavy metal limit values for fertilisers are not applied in Finland.

2

Desert loess: a selection of relevant topics

Smalley Ian, Marshall John, Fitzsimmons Kathryn, Whalley W. Brian, Ngambi Samson

Geologos

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2019

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Vol. 25, No. 1

91--102

EN

In discussions on loess, two types are often demarcated: glacial loess and desert loess. The origin of the idea of desert loess appears to lie with V.A. Obruchev who observed wind-carried silt on the Potanin expedition to Central Asia in 1895. It might be considered that desert loess would be defined as loess associated with deserts but it came to be thought of as loess produced in deserts. This led to some controversy as no mechanism for producing silt particles in deserts was readily available. Bruce Butler in Australia in particular cast doubt on the existence of desert-made loess. Butler indicated loess-like deposits in Australia which he called Parna; these are very like loess but the silt sized particles are actually clay mineral agglomerates of silt size- formed in dry lake regions. At the heart of the desert loess discussion is the problem of producing loess material in deserts. It has been suggested that there are no realistic mechanisms for forming large amounts of loess dust but there is a possibility that sand grain impact may produce particle shattering and lead to the formation of quartz silt. This would appear to be a reasonable mechanism for the African deposits of desert loess, but possibly inadequate for the huge deposits in China and Central Asia. The desert loess in China and Central Asia is loess associated with a desert. The material is formed in cold, high country and carried by rivers to the vicinity of deserts. It progresses then from deserts to loess deposit. Adobe ground may be defined as desert loess. Adobe occurs on the fringe of deserts, notably in the Sahelian region of Africa, and in SW USA. The use of adobe in construction represents the major utilization of desert loess in a social context. More understanding of adobe is required, in particular with respect to the adobe reaction, the low order chemical reaction which provides modest cementitious properties, and can be likened to the pozzolanic reactions in hydrating cement systems. The location of loess and loess-like ground on the peripheries of deserts is aided by the observation of the nesting sites of bee-eater birds. These birds have a determined preference for loess ground to dig their nesting tunnels; the presence of nest tunnels suggests the occurrence of desert loess, in desert fringe regions. We seek amalgamation and contrast: ten main topics are considered: words and terms, particles, parna, geotechnical, adobe, people, birds, Africa, Central Asia, Mars. The aim is some large generalizations which will benefit all aspects of desert loess investigation.

3

Zharmonizowanie klasyfikacji gruntów spoistych według norm PN-EN ISO 14688:2006 i PN-86/B-02480

Tarnawski M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 10/2

701--706

EN

This article discusses the differences between the classification of cohesive soils according to the obsolete PN-86/B-02480 Polish standard and to the applicable PN-EN ISO 14688:2006 standard. Differences in the ways of recognizing and classifying these soils according to these standards are debated in the scientific and professional world, and due to the different approach to their nomenclature they seem difficult to overcome. The author analyzes these Polish research methods, which are closest to the macroscopic analysis required by PN-EN ISO 14688:2006, and then points to the real possibility of harmonizing both classifications.

4

Muły węgla kamiennego - odpad czy cenne paliwo?

Maj I., Ostrowski P., Kudlek E.

Nowa Energia

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2017

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nr 2

22--24

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano badania dotyczące termicznej konwersji mułu węgla kamiennego przy użyciu spalin jako czynnika konwertującego. Ideą procesu jest recyrkulacja powstałego gazu palnego (syngazu) do komory spalania kotła, z którego pobierane były spaliny. Celem badań jest określenie przydatności mułów do pośredniego spalania w kotłach energetycznych oraz opracowanie zaleceń do prowadzenia procesu w skali przemysłowej.

5

Wpływ uwarunkowań geośrodowiskowych i antropogenicznych na obecność historycznych zanieczyszczeń w podłożu klasztoru ss. Bernardynek w Krakowie

Wardas-Lasoń M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2016

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Vol. 64, nr 4

262--274

EN

The substrate in the area of the monastery of Bernardine Sisters was analyzed based on 7 small-diameter profiled mechanical holes drilled in order to determine the structure and lithology of the area and archaeological stratigraphic sequence. Based on this research, a system of archaeological strata and the presence of objects such as wall remains, and especially the relicts of the medieval drainage ditch “moat”, was established. It was assessed whether the geoenvironmental conditions are conducive to pollution occurrence and accumulation. Its major source was the Municipal Great Scales on the Main Market Square of Kraków, which functioned in the Middle Ages. To verify this thesis the indexes of sediment coming from the historical “moat” were determined (pH, Eh, EC, LOI). Similar studies were carried out to the level of “calec” for the substrate of the Monastery, erected in its vicinity. In the lithologically recognized and archaeologically interpreted layers of earth, heavy metals content was determined to distinguish anthropogenic factors and geoenvironmental conditions of the contaminants. The pollution assessment was made on the basis of a comparative analysis of the land quality, especially in the areas of silt occurrence, also in relation to the current environmental standards.

6

Zmiany właściwości podłoża w aspekcie zagrożenia budowli klasztornych w rejonie ul. Poselskiej w Krakowie

Wardas-Lasoń M., Łyskowski M., Mościcki J., Sokołowski T., Bojęść-Białasik A, Niemiec D., Kucia A., Garbacz-Klempka A., Mazurek E., Ćwiklik M., Marszałek M., Kasprzak A., Ziętek J.

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2014

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z. 61, nr 3/I

361--385

PL

Zapadanie skrzydła południowo-zachodniego kapelanii przy kościele św. Józefa S.S. Bernardynek postępuje od 2010 roku, powodując pękanie murów okalających ogród, a zwłaszcza pomieszczeń piwnicznych pod zabudowaniami przykościelnymi. Celem badań jest określenie właściwości i stratygrafii gruntów w podłożu zagrożonego obiektu, jak i w najbliższym jego sąsiedztwie. Archeologiczne źródła i ich międzydziedzinowa interpretacja w kontekście wykonanych profili geologicznych, w oparciu o odwierty i wąskoprzestrzenne odkrywki, wykazały złożony układ nawarstwień historycznych i ich potencjalne oddziaływanie na budowle. Oprócz odwiertów i badań gruntoznawczych przeprowadzono georadarowe i elektrooporowe rozpoznanie ośrodka pod poziomem piwnic oraz badania geochemiczne próbek gruntu. Wyznaczony poziom calca jednoznacznie wskazuje na położenie zagrożonych obiektów w strefie 30 stopniowego skłonu pierwotnej morfologii terenu, w którego dnie znajdują się podatne na upłynnienie namuły. W stratygrafii wyróżniono także obecność znacznej miąższości, nierównomiernie zalegającej warstwy organicznej o dużej ściśliwości i małej nośności, stanowiącej materię wybitnie niebudowlaną. Na mechanikę budowli mają wpływ zróżnicowane pod względem stateczności utwory, ale także obecność sztywnych, historycznych obiektów fundamentowych. Istnienie tego typu czynników uzewnętrzniło się w postaci pęknięć murów w rejonie budowli klasztoru, a także zaburzenia poziomu podłóg szczególnie widoczne w piwnicach kapelanii. Obserwowane rozluźnienie struktury podłoża, o zasięgu większym niż teren klasztoru SS. Bernardynek, związane jest prawdopodobnie z szeregiem odwodnień głębokich wykopów wykonywanych w związku z wieloma realizowanymi inwestycjami w gęsto zabudowanej, zabytkowej części Starego Krakowa. Rozwój nowoczesnego miasta w sieci nawarstwień historycznych wymaga stałego monitorowania warunków wodnogruntowych podłoża. Zarówno nadmierny drenaż, jaki i zbytnia retencja wód zaburza stateczność zabytkowych budowli i grozi katastrofą budowlaną.

EN

The collapsing of the south-east wing of Kapelania at the Św. Józef Church of the Bernardine Convent started in 2010, causing fracturing of the walls around the garden, and especially the cellar rooms under the buildings near the Church. The aim of research is to determine the properties and stratigraphy of the earth in the subsoil of the endangered object, as well as of its immediate neighbourhood. Archaeological sources and their interdisciplinary interpretation in the context of the geological profiles conducted, based on the auger holes and narrow open pits, attest to a complex set of historical layers and their potential effect on the buildings. Apart from auger holes and ground-researching investigations, there were GPR and electrical resistance tests of the matter below the cellars level as well as geochemical tests of the earth samples. The established level of undisturbed subsoil clearly shows that the endangered buildings are situated within the 30% slope of the original terrain, in which bottom level there are muds which easily change texture into fluid. In the stratigraphy, there was also established an organic layer of substantial thickness, which is completely unsuitable for construction. The mechanics of the building is affected by deposits of varied stability and also by the presence of rigid objects connected with historical foundations. The existence of these factors manifested itself in the form of wall fractures in the area of convent, especially visible in kapelania, causing also disturbance of the floor level in the kapelania cellars. The observed loosening of the subsoil structure, possibly with a range greater than the area of the Bernardine Convent, is connected with a series of drainage works of deep excavations, in connection with a number of realized investments in the densely populated, historic part of Old Krakow. The development of the modern town within the net of historical layers demands constant monitoring of water and earth conditions of the subsoil. Both excessive drainage and water retention damage the stability of historical buildings and bring the threat of construction disaster.

7

Influence of moisture changes on physico-chemical processes and geotechnical parameters in soft rocks

Jaremski J.

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2010

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Vol. 32, nr 1

3-22

EN

A comparative analysis of weathered marls and flysch, silty soils, illite and baidelite clays leads to the determination of a common feature of these grounds, namely the exceptional sensitivity to changes of the moisture content. From the tests performed we can state that this common characteristic is due to the presence of illite and smectite in these media. In the paper, a methodology of the swelling ability test has been proposed as a method of identification of such clay minerals. Investigation of the eluvium geotechnical parameters by "in situ" methods has also been proposed.

8

Ocena podatności na aerację wysokocentrowanych zawiesin węglowych

Filipczak G., Tukiendorf A.

Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna

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2006

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Nr 6s

70-71

EN

The investigation results of liquefaction of highly concentrated coal slurries by air stream aeration are presented. The characteristics describing liquefaction conditions of sludges and muds are described. It was found that coal slurries comprising a few percent of water did not become aerated, and the presence of surfactants did not affect this behaviour.

9

Characterization by sampling and in situ testing - connecticut valley varved clay

Groot D. J, Lutenegger A. J.

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2005

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Vol. 27, nr 3-4

107-120

EN

Varved clays, which consist of alternating layers of sill and clay, arc common in glaciated regions of North America and Northern Europe. This layering results in several unique engineering properties making varved clays a challenging soil for engineering design. Varved clays have hydrau-lic conductivity and undrained shear strength anisotropy that far exceeds that of most other soils. The strength of the soil for shearing along the horizontal varves is much less than thai for shearing across the varves. This paper summarizes the geotechnical engineering properties of Connecticut Valley Varved Clay (CVVC). CVVC is a lacustrine soil deposited approximately 15.000 years ago during retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheei. Resulis from soil sampling, in situ testing, and laboratory testing conducted during the past 15 years for a deposit of CVVC at the National Geotechnical Experimentation Site in Amherst, Massachusetts. USA. are presented.

10

Surowce ilaste ceramiki budowlanej

Olkowicz-Paprocka I., Podstolski R.

Warstwy

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2000

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nr 2

24-25

11

Cementa znaczy kamienie

Kurdowski W.

Polski Cement

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1998

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nr 1

4-5