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1

Bryophytes as an element of cultural landscape: biology, place, role

Zubel R., Rybak M., Poradowska A.

Topiarius. Studia krajobrazowe

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2017

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Nr 4

27--48

EN

Bryophytes are small spore plants which occurs in all climates zones and plant formations. They form zonal (tundra) and azonal (bogs) environments or are integral part of other communities. They are very well adapted to the colonization of extreme and initial habitats. Civilization development has created for them adequate ecological niches like walls, roofs, sidewalks, lawns, parks or cemeteries. The bryophytes spontaneously colonize them, becoming an integral part of the small-town and metropolitan landscape. This paper presents the biology of bryophytes, pays attention to the key features enabling them to inhabit architectural elements. The role and place of these plants in the urbanized space were characterized, the urbanophile bryophyte species were pointed, and places in the cultural landscape where they abundantly grow were indicated. Also the potential exploiting of bryophytes in the urban conditions in utilitarian, functional and decorative form were highlighted.

PL

Mszaki to niewielkie rośliny zarodnikowe obecne we wszystkich strefach klimatycznych i ekosystemach. Tworzą zonalne (tundra) i ekstrazonale (torfowiska) formacje roślinne lub są integralnym elementem innych zbiorowisk. Są bardzo dobrze przystosowane do kolonizacji ekstremalnych i inicjalnych siedlisk, a rozwój cywilizacyjny wykreował dla nich także nisze ekologiczne w postaci murów, dachów, chodników, trawników, parków czy cmentarzy. Mszaki spontanicznie je zasiedliły, stając się integralną częścią krajobrazów małomiasteczkowych i wielkomiejskich. W niniejszym opracowaniu przybliżono biologię mszaków, zwracając uwagę na cechy kluczowe przy zasiedlaniu elementów architektonicznych. Określono rolę i miejsce tych roślin w przestrzeni zurbanizowanej, wskazano gatunki urbanofilne oraz miejsca w krajobrazie kulturowym, gdzie obficie występują. Zwrócono także uwagę na potencjał wykorzystania mszaków w warunkach miejskich w utylitarnej, funkcjonalnej i dekora- cyjnej formie.

2

Nitrate reductase activity in chosen mosses: a case of study in skalny colliery waste tip

Krywult M., Salachna A., Chmura D., Żarnowiec J.

Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology

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2013

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R. 18, NR 1-2

61--68

EN

Two species of mosses in relation to nitrogen metabolism were examined. This subject is little known in this group of plant. Investigations of nitrate reductase activity in green tissues of Brachythecium rutabulum (Hedw.) Schimp. and Atrichum undulatum (Hedw.) P.Beauv. were performed. The study was conducted in two localities: heavy contaminated waste tip Skalny located in Upper Silesia, and Blonia City Park in Bielsko-Biala which place was chosen as a control area. For both species high activity of the enzyme was detected. The nitrate reductase activity varied between 99 to 9093 nmol per g dry mass per hour for B. rutabulum and 265 to 5135 nmol per g d.m. per hour of nitrite synthesized for A. undulatum respectively on Skalny waste tip. In the control area the results varied between 747 to 1077 for B. rutabulum and 171 to 518 nmol per g d.m. per hour of nitrite synthesized for A. undulatum, respectively. The differences were statistically significant only between the two species but not between habitats probably due to high dispersion and small amount of replications. The levels of nitrate and nitrite in stream water in both areas were also measured. In the Skalny waste tip there were high and reached 1.66 mg dm-3 of nitrite and 65 mg dm-3 of nitrate, respectively. In the control area these amounts were lower and reach zero level for nitrite and 4.5 mg dm-3 of nitrate, respectively.

PL

Dwa gatunki mchów badano pod kątem asymilacji azotu. To zagadnienie jest mało poznane u tej grupy roślin. Przeprowadzono badania aktywności reduktazy azotanowej w zielonych tkankach Brachythecium rutabulum (Hedw.) Schimp. i Atrichum undulatum (Hedw.) P.Beauv. Badania zostały wykonane w dwóch miejscach: na hałdzie powęglowej Skalny na Górnym Śląsku i w parku w dzielnicy Błonia w Bielsku-Białej, które zostało wybrane jako miejsce kontrolne. Dla obu gatunków stwierdzono wysoką aktywność enzymu. Aktywność reduktazy azotanowej wahała się od 99 do 9093 nmol na g suchej masy na godzinę dla B. rutabulum i 265 do 5135 nmol na g suchej masy na godzinę azotynu syntetyzowanego u A. undulatum na hałdzie Skalny. W miejscu kontrolnym wyniki wahały się od 747 do 1077 dla B. rutabulum i 171 do 518 nmol na g sm/h u A. undulatum. Różnice były statystycznie znaczące tylko pomiędzy gatunkami, ale nie pomiędzy typem siedliska prawdopodobnie ze względu na wysoką dyspersję i małą liczbę powtórzeń. Zmierzono także poziom azotanów i azotynów w strumieniu wody w obu miejscach. Na hałdzie Skalny zawartość była wysoka i osiągnęła odpowiednio: 1,66 mg dm-3 azotynu oraz 65 mg dm-3 azotanu. W miejscu kontrolnym wartości te były niższe i osiągnęły odpowiednio poziom zerowy dla azotynów i 4,5 mg dm-3 dla azotanu.

3

Field-sampling methods for investigating ground-bryophyte populations in forest vegetation

Jiang Y., Liu X., Tian R., Shao X.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 2

317-327

EN

To determine the optimum plot size for bryophyte-biocoenosis investigations and identify the sampling methods that can provide sufficient and representative data for bryophyte diversity, we explored two sampling methods and investigated the species composition and their coverage in three sites located within the subtropical-temperate zone in China: mixed coniferous and deciduous broadleaved forest with species of Quercus, Betula, Pinus, Abies (Guanyinshan Nature Reserve), mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaved forest, broadleaved forest with species of Phoebe, Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Acer, Tilia, Dacidia, Abies (Mabian Dafengding Nature Reserve) and temperate deciduous broadleaved forest with species of Quercus, Betula, Populus (Dongling Mountains). Two sampling methods are applied: the systematic-sampling method based on nested quadrates of five different sizes (10 x 10 cm, 25 x 25 cm, 50 x 50 cm, 1 x 1 m, and 2 x 2 m) in each 2 x 2 m grid within a 10 x 10 m plot (total 25 grids) and the microcoenose-sampling method (sampling with the minimum area quadrate at the center of the largest fragment in each of the 25 grids). The minimum area of sampling was determined based on the similarity-area curve, the coverage-area curve, and the importance-value-area curve through the systematicsampling. The appropriate sampling method and quadrate number were determined by analyzing the species diversity and evenness. We compared two sampling methods by assessing the species number at two different sites. Both the similarity-area curve and importance-value-area curve showed that the turnover point of sampling size occurred at 50 x 50 cm where the similarity and importance-value were closer to the actual. We concluded that a quadrate of 50 x 50 cm could be used as the minimum area of sampling. However, the systematic-sampling method was not suitable for analyzing the diversity of bryophytes. A viable alternative is the microcoenose-sampling method which allows to obtain sufficient information in terms of species richness and their distribution.

4

Vascular plants versus mosses in lakeland and riverine mires in two regions of eastern Poland

Sugier P., Czarnecka B.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 4

635-644

EN

Our research was conducted in two different mire habitats . in the minerotrophic and ombrotrophic mires adjoining the lakes (LM) of the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland and in the eutrophic and calcium-rich mires of the river valleys (RM) of the Roztocze Highlands region (both study regions in Eastern Poland). The study aimed to evaluate (1) the position of mire phytocoenoses in the environmental gradient - from minerotrophic to ombrotrophic ones, (2) the influence of the species and life-form composition of plant communities on the density of bryophytes, and (3) the quantitative and sociological relations between the density of vascular plants and bryophytes. Phytosociological releves (180) were made in six lakeland mires and in four river valleys. The area of each phytosociological releves (16-25 m2) represented species composition and vertical structure of communities. In the study of the relation vascular plants-bryophytes we took into consideration the following parameters: species abundance, cover of particular plant layers (trees, shrubs, herbs, bryophytes), and the number of species in particular life-form groups. In the LM the cover of particular layers was correlated negatively with the abundance of Sphagnum mosses. Betula pendula, B. pubescens and Frangula alnus overgrowing the LM affect negatively the abundance of some peat mosses. Less distinct relations were found between the tree density and bryophyte cover in the RM, but there is a positive correlation between the shrub cover and its predominant species - F. alnus - and the abundance of Polytrichum commune. Taking into account the relations between the herbaceous cover and the abundance of bryophytes, the dependencies are also less pronounced in the RM phytocoenoses. A negative effect of the herbaceous cover and its species richness on the abundance of P. commune was observed, as well as positive relation between the number of herbaceous species and the abundance of Calliergonella cuspidata. In the LM phytocoenoses, a negative correlation was found in the case of S. palustre, while in the case of Aulacomnium palustre and S. cuspidatum the relations were positive. Among herbaceous plants of LM habitats the biggest number of statistically significant correlations were observed for abundance of Carex lasiocarpa and different bryophytes, while in the RM habitats the correlations between the abundance of bryophyte and vascular plant layers are less distinct.

5

Rola mchów w retencjonowaniu wody w lesie

Cebulska M.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko

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2002

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R. 99, z. 5-Ś

163--169

EN

The forecast habitat stores the rainfall in the plant coverage and in the leaf litter. Thus the forest habitat plays a great part in the process of rainfall transformation into the run-off. Since 1994, in the Institute of Hydrology (Cracow University of Technology), the field observation has been carried out each summer. The obtained results point out that moss store the great part of rainfall in the overground and humus reservoir. Moreover, those reservoirs store the rainfall equal a few milimeters. There is also observed increasing of those reservoir volume twice.