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1

Processes of Natural Self-Cleaning of Small Watercourses with Increasing Anthropogenic Load in the Dniester River Basin

Hnativ Roman, Cherniuk Volodymyr, Khirivskyi Petro, Kachmar Natalia, Lopotych Natalia, Hnativ Ihor

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 2

12--18

EN

Small river basins are complex self-regulatory systems, as well as indicators of the state of the environment due to the level of anthropogenic pressure. Since any changes in the regime of small rivers are reflected in the entire hydrographic chain, the problem of estimating the anthropogenic load on small rivers of Ukraine is relevant for modern hydrochemistry and hydroecology. The main sources of water pollution are industrial and domestic effluents, which increase the inflow of pesticides, heavy metal ions, etc. Aquatic ecosystems of small rivers are subject to intense mechanical and biochemical effects, and about 80% of pollutants are washed into water bodies. Water bodies located on the territory or near large cities and urban areas are particularly exposed to man-made pollution. In the territory of the Dniester river basin, natural landscapes are maximally preserved in comparison with other regions of Western Ukraine, but in modern conditions we observe an increase in the negative anthropogenic impact on the quality of natural waters. Hydrodynamic barriers or hydrodynamically active areas (HAA) of mountain rivers, which are significantly saturated with oxygen in the water flow, which activates the processes of biochemical and biological self-cleaning of natural waters, are important to increase the efficiency of self-purification processes. Natural biological cleaning of pollutants in small rivers is highly effective due to the overgrowth of aquatic vegetation. The aim of the work was to establish the ability of the aquatic ecosystem of a small river to self-purify on the basis of hydrochemical indicators of water quality. The compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements of hydrochemical indicators of Kolodnytsia river water of the right tributary of the Dniester was analyzed and possible regularities of their changes were established, as well as the main factors of anthropogenic impact on a small river and the possibility of laboratory modeling of such rivers. It was found that in the Kolodnytsia River the processes of self-cleaning are quite active, which are caused by the hydrological characteristics of the river and the presence of hydrodynamically active areas in the foothills of the basin. Therefore, at present there is no steady excess of pollutants relative to the MPC.

2

The Influence of Self-Cleaning Processes on the Quality of Drinking Water of Stryi Water Intake Wells

Snitynskyi Volodymyr, Khirivskyi Petro, Cherniuk Volodymyr, Hnativ Ihor, Hnativ Roman, Verbovskiy Orest, Bihun Irina

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 4

25--32

EN

In order to solve the problem of providing the population with high-quality drinking water, preference is given to the use of groundwater deposits, which differ from surface sources in better quality and are more protected from man-made influences and climate change. Thirty-seven existing groundwater deposits are used for drinking and technical water supply in Lviv region. The distribution of groundwater in the region is very uneven, and in the Eastern Carpathians they are almost non-existent. The main factors of groundwater pollution in most of Ukraine are municipal sewage, livestock effluents, unorganized warehouses for storage of industrial waste, fertilizers and pesticides and other local objects that affect the state of groundwater. The gradual reduction of mineral fertilizer and pesticide usage has led to some improvement in the quality of groundwater, but for some agro-industrial areas the presence of residual pesticides and nitrogen compounds in groundwater remains a relevant problem. This year, there was an increase in the use of mineral fertilizers compared to last year. The aim of this work was to study the compliance of the maximum allowable concentrations of hydrochemical parameters of the wells of the Stryi water intake and to determine the potential impact of anthropogenic factors on water quality. The compliance with the sanitary and hygienic requirements of the hydrochemical parameters of water in the wells of the Stryi water intake was analyzed. The regularities of their changes as well as the presence of wells that have a potentially unstable chemical composition and are prone to deterioration of water quality were determined. The results of studies of related to the impact of self-treatment processes in the river Stryi on the quality of water intake in the city of Stryi showed that the drinking water from artesian wells is of high quality and now there are no negative effects of river water in the Stryi basin on groundwater deposits. The quality of river water is satisfactory for its use in domestic and drinking water supply and for recreational purposes.

3

Development of Channel Processes and the Need to Forecast Deformations of the Stryi Riverbed

Hnativ Ihor, Balkovskyi Volodymyr, Cherniuk Volodymyr, Panas Natalia, Korinec Yuri, Yakhno Oleh, Hnativ Roman

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 5

187--195

EN

Deformations of the channel are a consequence of the development of denudation processes in the basin area, increase in the volume of solid runoff and deposition of debris of the rock, its fractional redistribution in the channels, which especially increase during floods and flooding. They cause changes in the hydrological regime and structure of the river system, the destruction of residential and commercial buildings, as well as the infrastructure in the floodplain. Trends, magnitudes and intensity of deformations of riverbeds are formed by a complex of natural and man-made factors. Neglecting the planned and high-altitude displacements of riverbeds often leads to unpredictable consequences. Washing the shore can cause a gas or oil pipeline to rupture, leading to a strong explosion and fire, as well as oil pollution and environmental damage. Channel processes are associated with the washing of bridge piers, power lines, significant material losses and even human casualties during floods and flooding. The aim of the work is to analyze the development of channel processes in the basin of the river Stryi and forecast the deformation of its channel. The results of the analysis show that the riverbeds of Prykarpattia are very unstable and are characterized by intense erosion of the banks and bottom, which is caused by the influence of various factors. It is a man-made activity that includes the development of gravel quarries in floodplains and riverbeds and their straightening, runoff regulation, changes in forestry and land use. Natural factors, such as climate change and water runoff, etc., are also affected. It was found that the bed of the river Stryi does not have a stable shape, significantly changed the configuration, significantly reduced multi-sleeved and increased its straightness, and in some places the river changed its position by 60–80 meters. Restoration works carried out in some parts of the riverbed during this period were not effective enough. Water in different parts of the riverbed washes the shores, which causes dangerous landslides that occur directly near the riverbed. In these areas, it is necessary to more effectively carry out measures to regulate runoff and restore shore protection.

4

Visualization of River Water Flow in Hydrodynamically Active Areas under Different Flow Regimes

Snitynskyi Volodymyr, Khirivskyi Petro, Hnativ Ihor, Yakhno Oleg, Machuga Oleg, Hnativ Roman

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 9

129--135

EN

It was established that in the territory of the Stryi river basin, the natural landscapes are maximally preserved in comparison with other regions of Western Ukraine, but under modern conditions an increase of negative anthropogenic impact on the quality of natural waters is observed. The hydrodynamic barriers or hydrodynamically active areas (HAA) of mountain rivers, characterized by a significant oxygen saturation of the water flow, which activates the processes of biochemical and biological self-purification of surface waters, are important for the efficiency of self-purification processes. In order to verify the results of theoretical and field research, an existing experimental setup was designed and improved. It provided the conditions for modeling the flow of mountain rivers in accordance with the laws of similarity theory and the principles of hydrodynamic modeling. On the basis of the results of field observations in the foothills of rivers, as well as regulatory and design documentation, the limits of the main operating factors were determined, namely the Freud number, flow depth and flow rate, which are decisive in studying the impact of HAA on flow self-cleaning processes. By changing the length of the tray section, the gullies and the waterfall niche of the real hydrodynamically active section were simulated, on which field experiments on the Tyshivnytsia River were conducted. In the studies, measurements were performed at different flow regimes, which simulated different hydrological parameters. In order to analyze the impact of HAA on self-cleaning processes, the flow was visualized using photography. The change in the structure of a stream of natural waters at passage of HAA was established. The high oxygen saturation of the river waters of the Stryi river basin is caused by the influence of HAA, which contribute to the purification of polluted waters from biological pollutants and other man-made pollutants and form the high quality of water resources in the region. A method of modeling and visualization of mountain rivers in the laboratory was developed.

5

Water Retention Problem in the Mountain Areas: a Case of Sola River Flows, Polish Carpathians

Jaguś Andrzej

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 11

167--177

EN

The paper considers mountain rivers, which usually feature high dynamics of hydrological phenomena. The variability of the Sola river flows in the Polish Carpathians is presented based on water-gauge measurements from the hydrological long-period of 1956-2015. The flows for the upper section of the river, where no storage reservoirs are found, were analysed. A broad range of flows was shown – from 0.59 to 1250 m3/s at a mean flow of 15.5 m3/s. It was also shown that within a year, the flows grow in the spring (thaw freshets) and summer periods (rainwater freshets). Mainly the summer freshets are dangerous, consisting in a sudden rise of the flow due to rains. This is shown by the high values of maximum flows in June and July. In the case of mountain rivers, such as the Sola river, it is necessary to undertake the actions stabilising the flows, which on the one hand have flood-prevention importance, and on the other hand protect the water resources in long dry periods. The actions should be concentrated on the proper arrangement of the catchment area, slowing down the rainwater outflow. Appropriate land use is especially important (distribution of forests, of arable and developed areas) depending on the land elevation above the sea level and inclination, as well as creation of small storage facilities.

6

Wielkość turbulencji w podstawowych jednostkach hydromorfologicznych rzek górskich na przykładzie odcinka Skawy

Woś A.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2016

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nr III/2

935--947

PL

Celem przedstawionej pracy jestanaliza wielkości turbulencji w podstawowych jednostkach hydromorfologicznych rzeki górskiej na przykładzie odcinka Skawy. Pomiary składowych prędkości chwilowej sondą MicroADV w ośmiu losowych lokalizacjach na poziomie 20% i 40% głębokości lokalnej wykonano w czterech jednostkach hydromorfologicznych - ploso, nurt, bystrze i rwący nurt. Na podstawie uzyskanych wartości obliczono lokalne wartości prędkości wypadkowej oraz parametry ruchu turbulentnego: intensywność turbulencji i turbulentną energię kinetyczną. Wyniki badań wskazują na duże zróżnicowanie lokalnych wartości parametrów turbulencji w obrębie jednostki. Wielkość turbulencji wzrasta wraz z prędkością układając jednostki w kolejności ploso, nurt, rwący nurt, bystrze. Zauważono wzrost wielkości turbulencji w kierunku dna w jednostkach o niskiej prędkości przepływu – ploso i nurt, natomiast w jednostkach o wyższej prędkości (bystrze i rwący nurt) nie wykazały jednoznacznie podobnej tendencji.

EN

The aim of this study is to analyze the turbulence value in the basic hydromorphologicalunits of mountain river in the example of the Skawa river section. In four hydromorphological units - pool, run, riffle, rapid in eight random locations the instantaneous velocity components were measured usingMicroADV at 20% and 40% of the local depth. On the basis of the measurement the value of the local velocity and turbulent motion parameters: turbulence intensity and turbulent kinetic energy were calculated. The results show a large variation in local turbulence parameters within the one unit. The value of turbulence parameters increases with velocity values andordering unit as follows pool, run, rapid, riffle. It was noticed that turbulence increased towards to river bed in units of low flow velocity values-pool and run. While units with higher flow velocity (riffle and rapid) did not show similar trend.

7

Ocena sezonowości występowania przepływów niskich rzeki górskiej za pomocą wskaźników Colwella

Wałęga A., Młyński D.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2016

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nr II/2

557--568

PL

W pracy dokonano oceny sezonowości występowania przepływów niskich (NQ) wykorzystując wskaźniki Colwella. Analizę przeprowadzono dla rzeki górskiej Kamienica Nawojowska w profilu Łabowa – prawostronny dopływ Dunajca. Dane do obliczeń, w postaci przepływów dobowych z wielolecia 1983 - 2012, pozyskano z Instytutu Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej Państwowy Instytut Badawczy w Warszawie. Na podstawie uzyskanych danych wyznaczono podstawowe wskaźniki przepływów niskich oraz wskaźniki Colwella, takie jak przewidywalność (P), stałość (C) oraz niepewność (M). Dodatkowo określono wpływ długości serii obserwacyjnej oraz przyjętej liczebności przedziałów klasowych na kształtowanie się wielkości P. Stwierdzono, że wyznaczony dla przepływów NQ wartość wskaźnika P na poziomie 43% świadczy o przewidywalności tych przepływów na poziomie poniżej przeciętnej. Przypadkowość stanowi tylko 18% wartości P, stąd przepływy te charakteryzują się nieregularną sezonowością. Dodatkowo stwierdzono, że długość serii obserwacyjnej wpływa istotnie na wielkość przewidywalności. Natomiast nie stwierdzono takiej zależności w przypadku zwiększania liczebności przedziałów klasowych stanów analizowanych zjawisk.

EN

The study was aimed assessment of seasonal occurrence of minimum flow (MF) for Kamienica Nawojowska river in cross-section Łabowa – right side tributary of Dunajec, by Colwell indices. Input data obtained from Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, the National Research Institute in Warsaw, were observation series of daily flows for the years 1983 – 2012. Based on obtained data it was computed the basic indices of minimum flow and the following Colwell’s indices: predictability (P), constancy (C) and contingency (M). Moreover it was determined of impact of length record and number of classes discharge on values of P. Based on calculations it was concluded that determined for MF of Kamienica river in cross-section Łabowa, value of P at 43% shows predictability below average level. The contingency determines value of P only in 18%, hence that flows are characterized by insignificant seasonality. Moreover it was conclude that length of record has significant impact on values of predictability. But for larger numbers of classes discharges, this dependency was not found.

8

Hydrozespół nowej generacji w budowie mikroelektrowni na górskich ciekach

Lesiecka-Gomuła M., Lesiecki J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Rzeszowskiej. Budownictwo i Inżynieria Środowiska

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2010

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z.57[271], nr 4

333-339

PL

W referacie została przedstawiona idea niekonwencjonalnego hydrozespołu dla mikroelektrowni wodnych instalowanych w różnorodnych uwarunkowaniach hydrotechnicznych. Zastosowanie nowatorskiej konstrukcji i nowej technologii wykonania, tak turbiny, jak też generatora synchronicznego, poprawi własności eksploatacyjne hydrozespołu w porównaniu z dotychczasowymi rozwiązaniami konstrukcyjnymi.

EN

The paper illustrates the idea of unconventional hydrounit for micro hydroelectric power stations installed in a variety of hydrotechnic conditions. The use of innovative design and the brand new technology such as turbine, as well as the synchronous generator, will improve operating parameters of the hydrounit compared with existing construction solutions.

9

Model hydrodynamiczny ruchu transkrytycznego dla rzek górskich na przykładzie rzeki Ścinawki

Ewertowski R., Cichocki J.

Gospodarka Wodna

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2008

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Nr 2

58-63

PL

Przedstawiono model ruchu transkrytycznego umożliwiający opis przepływu wody w małych rzekach górskich. Model bazuje na specjalnych rozwiązaniach przybliżonych, opartych na aproksymacji Roe'go zagadnienia Riemanna i zastosowaniu niejawnego schematu dyskredytacji po czasie. Model został skalrbrowany dla odcinka Ścinawki.

EN

The article presents transcritical motion model enabling a description of water flow in small mountain rivers. The model is realised on the basis of special approximate solutions, based on Roe's approximate Riemann solver and the use of the non-evident scheme of discontinuity after a definite time. The model was calibrated for a section of the Ścinawka.

10

Modernizacja technologii oczyszczania wody z rzeki górskiej na przykładzie wodociągu Wadowice

Wilmański K., Kuziara D.

Ochrona Środowiska

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2007

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R. 29, nr 3

41-44

PL

Na przykładzie wodociągu w Wadowicach przedstawiono przykład tradycyjnego układu oczyszczania wody ujmowanej z rzeki górskiej (Skawa). Wykazano, że takie rozwiązania technologiczne i techniczne nie spełniają obecnie obowiązujących standardów w zakresie jakości wody przeznaczonej do spożycia. Przedstawiono wyniki badań laboratoryjnych i pilotowych zmierzających do usprawnienia procesu oczyszczania wody w wodociągu Wadowice, obejmujących dobór reagentów do koagulacji (koagulanty, polielektrolity) wspomaganej pylistym węglem aktywnym. Wyniki prac badawczych porównywano ze skutecznością oczyszczania wody w skali technicznej (uzyskiwaną w tym samym czasie). Na tej podstawie ustalono najkorzystniejsze rozwiązanie technologiczne procesu oczyszczania wody polegające na koagulacji objętościowej z użyciem nowoczesnych koagulantów, wspomaganej polielektrolitem oraz pylistym węglem aktywnym. Usprawnione zostaną wirowe komory flokulacji, a osadnik będzie wyposażony w zgarniacz osadu. Ponadto wybudowane będą filtry o dużej sprawności klarowania wody z możliwością prowadzenia drugiego stopnia koagulacji w złożach filtracyjnych.

EN

A traditional system for the treatment of mountain river water (taken in from the Skawa) is described, the case in point being the Waterworks of Wadowice. As was to be expected, the technological and technical condition of the treatment plant failed to allow for the production of tap water that would meet the quality standards required. Laboratory- and pilot-scale investigations were carried out to enhance the efficiency of the treatment process at the Wadowice Waterworks by an appropriate choice of reagents for the coagulation-adsorption process (coagulants, polyelectrolytes; powdered active carbon). The treatment efficiencies obtained were compared with the efficiencies achieved in the full-scale process over the same period. The results of the studies have revealed that coagulation with advanced coagulants, polyelectrolyte aid and adsorption on powdered active carbon is the most advantageous technological solution to the water treatment process. The efficiency of the flocculation chambers will be increased, and a sludge scraper will be installed in the settling tank. Filters of high clarifying efficiency will be constructed, thus enabling the second stage of the coagulation process to be performed in the filter beds.

11

Reakcja koryta rzeki górskiej na strukturę podłoża na przykładzie Wisłoki i Jasiołki (Beskid Niski)

Guzik G.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2002

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Vol. 50, nr 7

609-614

PL

Analizie poddano dwie rzeki górskie na terenie Beskidu Niskiego - Jasiołkę oraz Wisłokę. Skupiono uwagę na skutkach depozycji i erozji korytowej. Dokonano klasyfikacji dużych form akumulacyjnych w żwirodennym korycie. Wyróżniono pięć typów tych form na podstawie pozycji w korycie i kształtu odsypów oraz wielkości ziarna budujących je osadów. Ponadto stwierdzono trzy typy odcinków koryta rzeki górskiej: z dominującą erozją, z dominującą akumulacją oraz z zachodzącą erozją i akumulacją. Odcinki te różnią się między sobą krętością i spadkami koryta, jak również rodzajem występujących tam typów odsypów. Występują one po sobie w określonym następstwie, tworząc powtarzalne sukcesje wzdłuż biegu rzek. Położenie tych sukcesji uzależnione jest od rozkładu przełomów oraz kotlinowatych obniżeń. Wykazano, że styl sedymentacji fluwialnej zmienia się cyklicznie z biegiem rzeki i pozostaje w bezpośredniej zależności od budowy geologicznej i rzeźby podłoża. Taka regularna zmienność cech morfologii fluwialnej (spadku i krętości koryta) oraz procesów dynamicznych (erozji i depozycji) nie była dotychczas stwierdzona w żadnej dolinie górskiej.

EN

Depositional and erosional effects of two mountain rivers -the Wisłoka and the Jasiolka (the Polish Carpathians) - have been studied. A classification of large depositional forms of gravel-bed river is presented: five bar types were distinguished on the basis of their position within the channel, their planform and grain size of deposits. Furthermore, three types of mountain river reaches were recognized: predominated by erosion, predominated by accumulation, and with equally balanced erosion and accumulation. These reaches are dissimilar in sinuosity and slope of channel, as well as in quantity and type of bars recognised herein. The reaches occur one after another in specified sequence along the valleys. Their location is dependent on the pattern of gorges and dales. It was proved that the fluvial sedimentation style changes in cyclic manner along the valleys and is strictly related to structure and relief of substratum. This regular variation of fluvial morphology (slope and sinuosity of alluvial channel) and dynamic processes (erosion and deposition) have been not reported in literature till now.

12

Formy korytowe rzeki górskiej

Radecki-Pawlik A.

Gospodarka Wodna

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2001

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Nr 5

210-212

EN

The paper presents river-bed forms which are found on the bottom of mountain streams. It calls attention to the necessity for taking into consideration those types of forms while doing hydraulic calculations in the framework of river regulation plans. It has been accentuated in the paper that an attempt at approaching the so-called natural regulation of a stream can be practical only in case here are taken into account the complex questions of geomorphology of the water course in connection with hydrotechnical knowledge.