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1
Content available Retencja wody w zróżnicowanych geograficznie zlewniach górskich
Kowalczyk Agnieszka, Jaguś Andrzej
Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering
|
2023
|
Vol. 6 (26)
1--12
EN
The article describes the research on the retention capacity of two mountain catchments in the Polish Carpathian Mts. These are the catchments of the Czarna Woda and Biała Woda streams. These catchments are adjacent, have a similar area (about 11 km2 each), but are geograph-ically diverse. Their geomorphology, hydrographic network, soil water permeability and land use were analyzed. The Czarna Woda catchment is a forest catchment, and the Biała Woda catchment is a forest and agricultural catchment with pasture areas. The geographical analysis of the catchment showed that the Czarna Woda catchment most likely has greater retention capacity. Theoretical analyzes were verified on the basis of long-term measurements of flows in both streams. Outflows were calculated for the entire study period (2006-2022), as well as annual, monthly and daily outflows. The measurements were carried out using the overflow method in permanent measurement cross-sections. The total outflow from both catchments was simi-lar, so they had similar water resources. In particular years, months and days, outflow often differed significantly between catchments. It was found that during the periods of increased water runoff (from precipitation, from snowmelt) the outflow from the Biała Woda catchment was higher, while in the periods without precipitation the outflow from the Czarna Woda catch-ment prevailed. Short-term flood outflows were at least several dozen percent higher in the Biała Woda catchment. The measurement data confirmed that water was better retained in the Czarna Woda catchment and the outflow was slower. Water retention processes in the Czarna Woda catchment allowed to maintain minimum outflows at a level several times higher than in the Biała Woda catchment. The studies have shown that in a very small mountain area there can be a large variation in outflow in individual streams. Retention capacity of the catchment depends on environmen-tal conditions and human activity.
2
Content available The Impact of Extensive Grazing on the Fertility of Mountain Streams on the Example of the Biała Woda Valley in the Pieniny Range (Polish Carpathians)
Jaguś Andrzej
Journal of Ecological Engineering
|
2020
|
Vol. 21, nr 4
112--119
EN
The content of biogenic substances, i.e. ammonia (NH4+), nitrates (NO3 –) and phosphates (PO4 3–), in the mountain stream waters was studied. The test (zero) sample was the water flowing from forest areas, while the study samples included the water from the streams flowing through extensively used sheep pastures. The impact of grazing on the water quality during high (in the rainy season) and low (in the dry period) water flows was assessed. The studies demonstrated the water contamination with ammonia, particularly during the rainy season. The contamination was also present in the test sample, so it cannot be attributed to the grazing activity. The highest nitrate concentrations were reported in the dry period. An influence of grazing on the migration of nitrates into waters was found, however, on a scale causing no contamination. The water contamination with phosphates was found. The studies demonstrated that extensive grazing did not affect the fertilisation of mountain stream water, yet the water quality may be deteriorated by the surface runoff processes and soil cover erosion.
3
Content available Variation of Precipitation Gradient in Mountain Areas Based on the Example of the Western Beskids in the Polish Carpathians
Kozak Janusz, Cebulak Dominik, Stec Tomasz, Jaguś Andrzej
Journal of Ecological Engineering
|
2019
|
Vol. 20, nr 9
261--266
EN
The study aims at investigating the so-called precipitation gradient, i.e. changes in the amount of precipitation depending on the elevation above sea level in the mountainous areas of southern Poland. The gradient value is specified in mm of precipitation per 100 m elevation difference. Experimental studies were conducted in two small Beskids valleys, the Barbara stream valley and the Wilkówka stream valley. Five rain gauges were installed across land elevation profiles of said valleys. Decade precipitation amounts during the summer and autumn of 2015 were recorded. The precipitation data of the national environmental monitoring from the nearby mountain and foothill weather stations from 2014–2018 were also used for the analyses. The data analyses demonstrated a large spatial variation in the amount of precipitation. The occurrence of a varied gradient, and even inverse situations i.e. greater precipitation at the locations with lower elevation, were recorded. The precipitation gradient was differentiated, particularly by the terrain exposition relative to the dominant inflow direction of moist air masses, as well as the spatial arrangement of mountain ranges.
4
Content available Toxic Elements in Mountain Soils (Little Beskids, Polish Carpathians)
Jaguś Andrzej, Skrzypiec Mariusz
Journal of Ecological Engineering
|
2019
|
Vol. 20, nr 1
197--202
EN
The research consisted in the analyses pertaining to the occurrence of elements regarded as toxic (Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, As, Pb, Cd, Hg), the presence of which in the environment is mainly associated with economic-industrial activities in mountain soils. The research area of about 5 sq. km. included the hilltops and south-western slopes of the Magurka Wilkowicka massif. The massif is situated on the western edge of the Little Beskids near the area of Bielsko-Biała city. The concentrations of elements were measured in 50 soil samples taken from three zones: at the foothill of the massif (arable fields), on its slopes (forest areas) and on the hilltop (grassland). Additionally, the pH of the soil samples was determined. The research showed that zinc and, to a lesser degree, copper and nickel, occurred in the highest concentrations at the foot of the massif, near built-up areas, while the highest concentrations of arsenic and lead were detected in the hilltop part of the grassland. The concentrations of chromium, cadmium and mercury did not differ spatially. The analysed elements, especially zinc and lead, often occurred in the concentrations higher than those regarded as natural. It is a disturbing fact combined with serious acidity of the analysed soils (almost 60% of the samples were very acid soils), which may increase mobility of metals. The research shows that the soil environment of the Polish Carpathians may be contaminated with toxic elements not only in the neighbourhood of built-up areas, but also in the undeveloped land.
5
Content available The Quality Problems of the Dammed Water in the Mountain Forest Catchment
Jachniak Ewa, Jaguś Andrzej, Młyniuk Agata, Nycz Barbara
Journal of Ecological Engineering
|
2019
|
Vol. 20, nr 5
165--171
EN
The research concerned the Wapienica dam reservoir, which is located in the Polish Carpathians, near the city of Bielsko-Biala. The dam closes the flow of water from the 11.1 km2 catchment. The forests cover about 90% of the catchment area, while the rest of the catchment constitutes grassland areas. The reservoir has a capacity of 1.05 million m3. The collected water is intended for supplying a water supply system. The catchment is treated as semi-natural, because within its borders the only works related to forest management are carried out. The aim of the research was evaluation of the water quality in this reservoir, including trophic status, based on the analyses carried out in 2015. It was found that the water was of good quality in basic physicochemical terms (e.g. suspension ≤13 mg∙dm-3,CODCr ≤11 mgO2∙dm-3, conductivity ≤82 µS∙cm-1, phosphates <0.05 mg∙dm-3, nitrates ≤5.1 mg∙dm-3, dissolved iron ≤0.12 mg∙dm-3). The contamination with heavy metals was not ascertained, with the exception of the zinc. The assessed sanitary indicators are worse – the bacteria of the Coli group and periodically also enterococci were observed in the reservoir water. The reservoir is not homogeneous in terms of biological production (the trophy degree). It is low in the upper part (oligotrophy generally) and increases in the part near the dam (mesotrophy, also eutrophy). The established presence of dangerous bacteria and symptoms of the reservoir eutrophication are disturbing in the context of the opinion on the purity of uninhabited mountain areas.
6
Content available The role of tourism in multifunctional development of mountain rural areas
Chudy-Hyski D., Hyski M.
Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich
|
2018
|
nr III/1
611--621
EN
The paper aims at demonstrating the importance of tourism meant as an activity and economic activity in the multifunctional development of mountain rural areas. Multifunctional development of mountain rural areas appears as a composition of other, nonfarm functions, connected with agriculture and its environment. Taking over nonfarm functions by rural areas, including tourist function, enables decreasing agrarian unemployment and, furthermore, the emigration of local population. Approximating living standards of rural communities and city dwellers is connected with modernizing and development of technical-economic and social infrastructure, which has a stimulating impact on the development of off-farm activities in rural areas, which in turn positively affects economic development and increases the number of new jobs. Mutlifunctionality of mountain rural areas is therefore necessary not only from the economic perspective but also from the social point of view.
7
Przepływy zasobów pracy w obszarach górzystych Podkarpacia w kontekście migracji ludności wiejskiej
Cymanow P., Musiał W., Grabińska A.
Logistyka
|
2015
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nr 1
36--41
PL
W artykule dokonano analizy i oceny zjawiska migracji zarobkowej mieszkańców wiejskich gmin pogórskich i górskich, klasyfikowanych jako ONW (gminy o niekorzystnych warunkach gospodarowania) Województwa Podkarpackiego, skupionych na obszarze trzech powiatów: Bieszczadzkiego, Leskiego i Sanockiego. Badanie przeprowadzono w II połowie 2013 roku w formie wywiadu bezpośredniego w obecności badacza, z udziałem trzech rodzajów ekspertów lokalnych z każdej jednostki samorządowej, to jest wójta gminy/sekretarza gminy, doradcy rolnego/kierownika referatu rolnictwa oraz kierownika lub pracownika gminnego ośrodka pomocy społecznej. Badaniem objęto populację 12 gmin wiejskich (Baligród, Birczę, Bukowsko, Cisną, Czarną, Komańczę, Lesko, Lutowiska, Olszanicę, Solinę, Zagórz oraz Tyrawę Wołoską), spełniających kryterium wiejskiej gminy pogórskiej lub górskiej.
EN
Analysis touches upon the problem of workforce transfer in 12 researched mountaineous areas in Podkarpacie Province. The expert method has been used to examine the so-called local experts - managers or specialists of three institutions working for local community. The frequency of migration transfer according to both types and categories of migration has been determined. Not only have the main motives of migration been pinpointed, but internal and external migration till 2020 has also been forcasted.
8
Sytuacje kryzysowe na obiektach komunikacyjnych podczas wielkich powodzi. Przykłady zniszczeń wybranych obiektów i ważniejsze skutki zakłóceń funkcjonowania społecznego
Drozdowska K., Grabowski L.
Logistyka
|
2014
|
nr 6
3247--3255
PL
W artykule przedstawiono sytuacje kryzysowe powstałe na skutek powodzi. Podano definicję powodzi i jej charakterystykę w rejonach górskich i nizinnych. W artykule kupiono się na powodzi, która miała miejsce w 1997 roku. Przedstawiono wybrane przykłady uszkodzonych konstrukcji mostowych, a także zniszczonych dróg. Opisano najważniejsze przyczyny zaistniałych zniszczeń, które zobrazowano odpowiednimi fotografiami. W opracowaniu podjęto także ważny temat funkcjonowania lokalnej ludności w czasie powodzi. Pokazano powstałe na skutek kataklizmu zakłócenia życia mieszkańców.
EN
The article presents the crisis situations resulting from the floods. Describes the definition of flood and its characteristics in mountainous regions and lowlands. The article focuses on the flooding that took place in 1997. Presents selected examples of damaged bridge structures, and damaged roads. Describes the main reason for the damage, which depicted the corresponding photographs. The study has also been an important subject of the functioning of the local population in a flood. Showing resulting from the disaster disruption of life.
9
Content available Analysis of criteria for delimiting less favoured mountain areas (LFA)
Kowalczyk A., Kuźniar A., Kostuch M.
Journal of Water and Land Development
|
2014
|
no. 22
17--24
EN
The objective of this work was to analyse and establish the criteria for the course of the elevation boundaries applied in delimiting of less favoured areas (LFA) under mountain and foothill conditions. This aim was achieved by verifying of the structural data on land use in relation to an altitude a.s.l. Based on the information collected on the areas in the particular land categories, and in order to assess land use, a database was created for 99 mountain communes (NUTS-5). The regulation by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development (2009) distinguishes the areas of less favourable farming (LFA, mountain), where over 50% of the agricultural land (AL) is located above an altitude of 500 m a.s.l. Previous studies have shown that the adopted limit of the average elevation for mountain LFA is too restrictive for the Polish conditions and needs correction. This is particularly clear in the case of agricultural land elevated above sea level. Support for rural development is necessary because the economic importance of agriculture in the Polish mountain and foothill regions is decreasing, and these areas are characterized by a considerably limited land use, under conditions of higher production costs. This is to do with terrain elevation a.s.l. and with the presence of large areas of significant land slopes, making it too to use normal equipment.
PL
Celem pracy była analiza i ustalenie kryteriów przebiegu granicy wysokości, stosowanej w wyznaczaniu obszarów o niekorzystnych warunkach gospodarowania (ONW) w warunkach górskich i podgórskich. Cel ten osiągnięto, weryfikując dane strukturalne o użytkowaniu ziemi w odniesieniu do wysokości n.p.m. Na podstawie zebranych informacji o powierzchni poszczególnych kategorii użytkowania stworzono bazę danych dla 99 gmin górskich w celu oceny użytkowania ziemi. Delimitację obszarów ONW zawiera rozporządzenie Ministra Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi z 2009 r., gdzie wyróżniono tereny o niekorzystnych warunkach gospodarowania „ONW – górskie” wraz z gminami, w których ponad 50% użytków rolnych jest zlokalizowanych powyżej wysokości 500 m n.p.m. Dotychczasowe badania wykazały, że przyjęta graniczna średnia wysokość dla „ONW – górskie” jest zbyt rygorystyczna w warunkach Polski i wymaga korekty. Wsparcie rozwoju wsi jest konieczne, ponieważ znaczenie gospodarcze rolnictwa w rejonach górskich i podgórskich maleje, tereny te charakteryzują się bowiem znacznymi ograniczeniami możliwości użytkowania ziemi i większymi kosztami produkcyjnymi. Ma to związek z wysokością n.p.m. oraz występowaniem na dużej części terenu znacznych spadków, które uniemożliwiają użytkowanie standardowych maszyn.
10
Content available The role of planning in the mountain regions as exemplified by mining areas management
Langer P.
Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape
|
2014
|
no. 1
47--56
EN
It is clear from what we know about the various deposits of mineral resources in Poland that Polish mountain areas are rich in minerals. This applies especially to the Sudetes, the Świętokrzyskie Mountains, and some areas of the Carpathians. They were or still are the site of mining activity in many of its forms (underground, surface and hole mining). These activities have various effects, such as changing the specific spatial elements and interference with the natural and cultural landscape. This is particularly important in the mountain regions which are attractive to the tourist and fulfil recreational and spa functions. From the analysis of the Polish law a conclusion can be drawn that mining activity is generally excluded from the planning system, which has a significant impact on the mountain area and on a subsequent use of post-mining heritage.
11
Content available The needs and aspirations of residents of mountain areas as implemented in spatial planning
Węcławowicz-Bilska E., Błachut J.
Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape
|
2014
|
no. 1
7-17
EN
System planning based on specific research and analyses allows one to make a diagnosis of spatial phenomena occurring in a particular area. The main goal of spatial planning is to mitigate conflicts and create spatial framework for satisfying social needs. Spatial planning can therefore be regarded as the best tool of providing the conditions in which the needs and aspirations of the people are met and fulfilled. Together with spatial order and sustainable development spatial planning ensure attractive space, which in the competitive development of cities and regions becomes the most important matter. Many specialists considered this condition to be essential for the economic prosperity of the city and the region. Moreover, the spatial design and arrangement clearly define the level of a society and civilization. After outlining the spatial planning system in Poland and presenting the conditions for land use planning in mountainous areas the article refers to the social aspirations, conditions of the demographic situation and requirements of the economic activity. Then an attempt was made to articulate the fundamental problems and conflicts that occur in mountain areas. Finally, tasks and options to mitigate these conflicts and ways to meet the needs of people in the planning were presented. Mountainous areas with their characteristics make it necessary to carry out the spatial planning work not only locally but also at the regional level. This work is usually preceded by detailed studies that can provide the necessary information to improve the economic development of the area, while maintaining the existing natural and cultural environment. This will more than likely increase the chance of spatial transformations in the region.
12
Content available Possibilities of heating and air-conditioning of buildings in the mountain areas
Gonet A., Śliwa T.
Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape
|
2014
|
no. 3
55--63
EN
The mountain areas, due to their specificity, require special approach to issues concerning heating and air-conditioning of buildings. After presenting general information on demand for heat in a standard residential building, the forecasting of demand for final energy by particular branches of economy has been presented. Fossil fuels are most commonly used in heating buildings. In this kind of systems the heat is supplied to the consumer by means of heating pipes provided by heat power stations or combined heat and power stations or it is generated in boilers owned by the consumers. The remote heat source can also be energy from geothermal power station, as it is in the Podhale region. There is an alternative solution to these systems in the form of heat pumps that are often connected to borehole heat exchangers. Depending on the energy balance of the heating system and air-conditioning of a particular building the latter system can be additionally aided by solar collectors. This method requires only a power service connection, which is available almost in every building. Moreover, practical uses of the proposed system, which should be more widely applied in the mountain areas, have been described.
13
Content available Mountain and hilly areas development in Poland - aspects of agricultural policy
Pijanowski Z.
Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape
|
2014
|
no. 1
57--77
EN
This study is an attempt to assess the development of agricultural, rural and mountain areas in Poland from 1918 to 2012 with regard to structural policy conceived as a part of the agricultural policy. The paper describes the methodology and organizational requirements for modernizing or creating new investment process that would shape and develop rural areas. Under Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) implemented in Poland mountain and hilly areas were designated for development. However, financial support for these regions is minimal. Rural and especially mountain areas of Małopolska have very disadvantageous agrarian structure. The economical size of about 86% of farms does not exceed 2 on the ESU scale. The agricultural and forest production areas have marginal significance in spatial development plans of the communes. This is the reason why these areas require new land management programs, which should be preceded by a thorough analysis of the status quo. Engagement of citizens, village councils and community authorities united under the banner of "Family + Tradition + Education + Innovation" is required in the elaboration process of these programs. These engineering projects should be financed through the CAP and cohesion policy funds.
14
Content available Występowanie metali śladowych w glebach górskich - badania w rejonie masywu Magurki Wilkowickiej
Jaguś A., Kozak J., Skrzypiec M.
Proceedings of ECOpole
|
2013
|
Vol. 7, No. 2
601--607
PL
Występowanie pierwiastków śladowych w środowisku jest ważnym wskaźnikiem zanieczyszczenia antropogennego. Badano zawartość metali w glebach terenów górskich, postrzeganych na ogół jako tereny niezanieczyszczone. W 2011 roku pobrano i przeanalizowano 50 próbek glebowych z rejonu Magurki Wilkowickiej, oznaczając pH oraz zawartości: As, Ba, Cr, Sn, Zn, Cd, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb i Hg. Odczyn określono w granicach pH 3,7-8,8, natomiast stężenia metali były następujące (w ppm): As - do 38,7, Ba - 19,8-265,0, Cr - 13,4-44,9, Sn - do 13,5, Zn - 49,2-1504,0, Cd - do 6,71, Co - do 10,7, Cu - 2,93-54,2, Mo - poniżej 5, Ni - 7,44-30,9, Pb - 14,7-346,0, Hg - 0,041-0,85. Stwierdzono, że stężenia wielu metali przekraczały poziomy uznawane za naturalne. Dodatkowo stężenia As, Zn i Pb nierzadko przekraczały wartości dopuszczalne dla gruntów rolniczych i leśnych, określone w polskich przepisach prawnych. Niektóre metale (np. Co) występowały w większych ilościach w sąsiedztwie terenów zurbanizowanych u podnóża masywu. Z kolei gleby w najwyżej położonych partiach badanego obszaru, zajęte przez łąki górskie, wyróżniało zanieczyszczenie arsenem i ołowiem. Badania wykazały też istnienie zależności pomiędzy stężeniami metali a odczynem gleb. Przykładowo wyższe stężenia rtęci notowano w glebach kwaśnych, a baru w glebach zasadowych.
EN
Occurrence of trace elements in soils is an important indicator of anthropogenic pollution. The research concerned concentrations of trace metals in soils of mountainous regions, generally considered as non-contaminated areas. In 2011, 50 soil samples were taken from the Magurka Wilkowicka area and analyzed by determining their pH and concentrations of As, Ba, Cr, Sn, Zn, Cd, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb and Hg. The values of pH ranged between 3.7 and 8.8, and concentrations of metals were as follows [ppm]: As - up to 38.7, Ba - 19.8-265.0, Cr - 13.4-44.9, Sn - up to 13.5, Zn - 49.2-1504.0, Cd - up to 6.71, Co - up to 10.7, Cu - 2.93-54.2, Mo - under 5, Ni - 7.44-30.9, Pb - 14.7-346.0, Hg - 0.041-0.85. It was reported that concentrations of many metals exceeded levels which are considered natural. Furthermore, concentrations of As, Zn and Pb frequently exceeded permitted limits for agricultural and forest grounds, set forth in Polish regulations. Some metals (eg Co) occurred in higher concentrations near urbanized areas at the foothills of the range. Whereas soils in the highest sections of the research areas, with mountain meadows, were characterized by contamination with arsenic and lead. The research also proved correlation between concentrations of metals and pH of soils. For instance, higher concentrations of mercury were reported in acid soils, while barium - in alkaline soils.
15
Content available The use of tunnels to development of transport in mountain areas
Tajduś A., Tajduś K.
Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape
|
2013
|
no. 4
103--112
EN
The article presents several possibilities of using tunnels to solve traffic problems in the area of the Polish mountains. So far, in contrast to other countries in Europe and the World in Poland this kind of solution are benefited reluctantly. However, in the longer term, tunnels construction in conjunction with flyovers are cheaper solutions, safer and considerably reduce the negative impact of transport on the environment. The situation is beginning to change and recently in Poland increases interest in the underground construction, particularly tunnels in mountainous areas are observed. This paper describes the newly built tunnel in Laliki and planned to build tunnels in the area of Lubień, Poronin, Krynica-Zdrój, Jordanów and Węgierska Górka.
16
Content available Quasi-techniczne oczyszczalnie ścieków w ochronie zasobów wody na wiejskich terenach górzystych
Jucherski A., Walczowski A.
Problemy Inżynierii Rolniczej
|
2012
|
R. 20, nr 3
151-158
PL
Ochrona obszarów źródliskowych na przyrodniczo cennych wiejskich terenach górzystych wymaga stosowania skutecznych i komplementarnych systemów oczyszczania ścieków bytowych, w tym rozwiązań indywidualnych. Przedstawiono wyniki wieloletnich (2005-2011) badań quasi-technicznej instalacji oczyszczającej - technologicznej propozycji Górskiego Centrum Badań i Wdrożeń w Tyliczu, przykładu rozwiązania problemu ścieków bezpośrednio w zagrodzie wiejskiej. Instalacja składa się z osadnika przepływowego, urządzenia ze zraszanym złożem ze spiekanych granulatów gliniasto-ilastych (keramzyt) oraz stokowego złoża filtracyjnego gruntowo-roślinnego. Średnie wieloletnie wyniki skuteczności zmniejszania wskaźników i stężenia zanieczyszczeń w oczyszczanych ściekach, określone odpowiednio w okresach: wiosenno-letnich i jesienno-zimowych: 99,5 i 95,0% (N-NH4); 87,0 i 73,8% (Nog.); 88,7 i 83,6% (P-PO4); 98,9 i 98,8 (BZT5) 91,3 i 92,9% (ChZT) oraz 76,1 i 79,6% (zawiesina ogólna) są na poziomie rekomendacji i wymagań Komisji Helsińskiej HELCOM i Szwecji. Odniesienie uzyskanych wyników do poziomu wymagań ustanowionych w celu ochrony wód Bałtyku uznano za najbardziej właściwe.
EN
Conservation of the water-head areas on naturally valuable, mountain rural terrains, requires the application of effective and complementary treatment systems of domestic waste-water, including the individual solutions. The results of long-term (2005-2011) study on quasitechnical water purifying installation - a technological proposal of the Mountain Centre for Research and Implementation at Tylicz - were described. The installation, designed to solve the problem of sewage treatment directly in a single mountain farmstead, consists of a through-flow settlement tank, followed by the plant of sprinkled bed filled with the sintered granules of clay materials, and finally, the slope soil-vegetation filtering beds and the water pond as a receiver. The results of long-term effectiveness in reducing the rates and concentration of pollutants in treated waste-water, determined respectively in spring-summer and autumn-winter periods, were as follows: 99.5 and 95.0% N-NH4; 87.0 and 73.8% Ntot; 88.7 and 83.6% P-PO4; 98.9 and 98.8% BOD5; 91.3 and 92.9% COD; 76.1 and 79.6% of total suspended solids. Above mentioned values meet the recommendations and requirements of the HELCOM Helsinki Commision and Sweden. Reference of obtained results to the level of these requirements was considered to be most appropriate.
17
Wpływ zmiany użytkowania terenów górskich na jakość wód powierzchniowych w Alpach francuskich
Wicherek S. P.
Technologia Wody
|
2011
|
Nr 6 (14)
59-63
PL
Rekultywacja i obsiewanie stoków górskich mają na celu rewitalizację zniszczonych terenów i zredukowanie erozji za pomocą szaty roślinnej metodą hydrosiewu. Rekultywacja gleby jako warunek wstępny hydrosiewu prowadzona jest w uzdrowiskach górskich oraz stacjach narciarskich od kilku lat. Zwykle na trasach narciarskich stosowane są osady ściekowe w ilości ok. 55 t-ha_1 sm. Obecnie zarówno we Francji, jak i w Unii Europejskiej nie ma jasnych przepisów odnoszących się do rekultywacji gleby. Wyniki badań pokazują, że przygotowywanie stoków oraz ponowne obsiewanie i jesienne nawożenie mogą prowadzić do znacznej migracji metali ciężkich do wód powierzchniowych, szczególnie w czasie topnienia śniegu. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań, które wymagają kontynuacji i weryfikacji w innych terenach górskich.
EN
Vegetalisation aims to insert harmoniously derelict land into landscape and to reduce erosion with establishment of plant cover. Classically, method consist to hydroseed fertilizer and seed. Soil reconstitution, a preliminary condition for hydroseeding, develops in mountain resorts for few years. Typically, the application of sewage sludge compost on ski tracks has an application of about 55 tons per hectare. There are currently no soil restoration regulations in France. In this context, we examin transfer elements in the superficial hydrosphere. The results show that terracing as well as certain revegetation practices (autumn fertilizer spreading) can lead to significant transfers of heavy metals to surface waters, particularly during critical snow melt period. This work can be perceived as an initial study which must have a continuation.
18
Content available Nakłady pracy żywej i mechanicznej w chowie bydła mlecznego w górskich gospodarstwach rodzinnych
Jucherski A., Król K.
Problemy Inżynierii Rolniczej
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2011
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R. 19, nr 1
59-67
PL
Celem badań przeprowadzonych w czterech górskich gospodarstwach o powierzchniach od 20 do 53 ha UR, specjalizujących się w produkcji mlecznej, była ocena jednostkowych nakładów robocizny i zużycia energii na technologiczną obsługę 1 DJP oraz określenie w nich poziomów mechanizacji. Tylko jedno gospodarstwo, nr 4 z obsadą 1,02 DJP*ha-1 UR, dysponowało oborą z V stopniem zmechanizowania obsługi zwierząt. Nakłady robocizny były w nim dwukrotnie mniejsze niż w pozostałych gospodarstwach, dysponujących obiektami starymi, dostosowanymi do obowiązujących wymogów sanitarnych i zootechnicznych, bez możliwości (niesprzyjające warunki siedliskowe) wprowadzenia w nich istotnego postępu technologicznego oraz zwiększenia pogłowia zwierząt. Również jednostkowe nakłady energetyczne były w nim mniejsze lub porównywalne ze wskaźnikami uzyskanymi w gospodarstwach o mniejszej obsadzie zwierząt i o uboższym technicznie, mniej energochłonnym, wyposażeniu maszynowym. Mimo najlepszych, w porównaniu z pozostałymi gospodarstwami, wskaźników ekonomicznego rozwoju, gospodarstwo to może być w przyszłości poddane restrykcjom za ograniczanie dobrostanu zwierząt, utrzymywanych obecnie na stanowiskach z uwięzią.
EN
Investigations were conducted in four mountain dairy farms of agricultural land (AL) areas from 20 to 53 ha. The study aimed at evaluating the labour inputs and energy consumption on dairy herd maintenance as accounted per 1 livestock unit (LU), and determination of mechanization level in surveyed farms. Only in one farm (no.4), with livestock density of 1.02 LU per 1 ha AL, the cow barn was equipped with the technical means assuring 5th degree of mechanization level. The labour inputs on keeping cows in this farm were twice lower, as comparing to other farms having at disposal old cow barn buildings, adapted only to meeting recent sanitary and zootechnical requirements, without any chances (because of unsuitable habitat conditions) on essential implementation of technical progress and increasing livestock population. The individual energy inputs (at stocking rate of 1.02 LU*ha-1) were also lower or comparable to indices obtained by the other farms with smaller livestock density, having the barns equipped with poorer technically and less energy consuming machinery. Nevertheless, in spite of economically optimistic results, this farm may be subjected to some restrictions in the future because of reducing welfare of the animals housed permanently on the tying stands so far.
19
Content available remote Zagrożenie funkcji turystycznej środowiska przyrodniczego na przykładzie Szczyrku
Łysień M.
Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura
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2011
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R. 108, z. 6-A
265--269
PL
Szczyrk jest obszarem o szczególnych walorach przyrodniczych i kulturowych. Rozwijająca się funkcja turystyki powoduje nowe problemy. Utrudnienia komunikacyjne oraz zwiększone zużycie surowców, w tym paliw stałych, prowadzą do obniżenia tych wartości. Także przestrzenie publiczne wymagają nowych przekształceń dla zapewnienia wyższego standardu i funkcjonalności. Dodatkowym problemem jest kwestia stopnia intensywności zabudowy – duża intensywność skutkuje ograniczeniem przestrzeni zielonych. Właściwa ochrona i wykorzystanie zasobów przyrodniczych, krajobrazowych i kulturowych powinno być podstawą dalszej koegzystencji i rozwoju miasta.
EN
Szczyrk is an area with exceptional natural and cultural attributes. Growth of tourism causes new difficulties. Traffic problems and increased resource consumption (including solid fuel) lead to a reduction in these values. Also public spaces needs revitalisation for ensure of higher standard and functionality. The additional problem is the degree of development intensity – high intensity resulting in a reduction of green space. Proper protection and use of natural resources, scenic and cultural rights should be the basis for further co-existence and development of the city.
20
Content available remote Znaczenie analiz widokowych przy sporządzaniu opracowań planistycznych dla małych miejscowości położonych na obszarach górskich
Hrehorowicz-Gaber H., Gaber T.
Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura
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2009
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R. 106, z. 2-A
187-192
PL
Wraz z rozwojem obszarów górskich postępuje proces urbanizacji tych terenów. Są one obszarami tradycyjnie wykorzystywanymi jako miejsca wypoczynku i rekreacji. Postęp urbanizacyjny zmienia odbiór widokowy, a co za tym idzie fizjonomię i panoramy miasta. W efekcie miejscowości, które powinny być "pocztówkowo" piękne w odbiorze widokowym są bezładne i nieatrakcyjne. Analizowane w artykule miejscowości wybrane zostały z województwa podkarpackiego. Są one położone na terenach górskich, mają poniżej 5000 mieszkańców i były niegdyś (lub nadal są) miastami o zachowanym układzie historycznym. Zestawienie miejscowości daje pełniejszy obraz problemu, jakim jest niewystarczająca dbałość o wygląd tych miast i ład przestrzenny w ich najbliższym otoczeniu. Plan województwa i Plan Rozwoju Lokalnego w zbyt małym stopniu poruszają problematykę odbioru widokowego miejscowości położonych na obszarze górskim. Opracowania sporządzane dla miejscowości o charakterze górskim powinny obligatoryjnie mieć wykonywane analizy odbioru widokowego.
EN
Along with the development of mountain areas are progressing well as the process of urbanization of these areas. These are traditionally used as a place to rest and recreation. Urban changes progress viewing reception and thus face and the city panorama. As a result, the municipality, which should be as beautiful as on postcards in terms of public viewing and urban sprawl are not attractive. Small cities analyzed in the article were selected from the podkarpackie region. They are located in mountainous areas, are less than 5000 residents and was once (or still are) cities of preserved historic agreement. Summary of the cities gives a fuller picture of the problem of insufficient attention to the appearance of these cities and spatial order in their immediate vicinity. Administrative region plan and the local development plan in too little raises issues of receipt vista locations in the area of the mountain. Surveys made for the places of a mountain should obligatorily be made analysis of receipt of the view.
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