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1

GIS-based technic for roadside-slope stability assessment: an bivariate approach for A1 East-West highway, North Algeria

Dahoua L., Yakovitch S. V., Hadji R. H.

Mining Science

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2017

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Vol. 24

117--127

EN

This paper presents a GIS-based method for landslide susceptibility (LS) assessment using slope-movement inventory and field data. The study has been carried out along A1-Highway (A1-H) in Hanif region as this road section is threated by several types of mass wasting. This hilly zone is known by their landslides sensitive terrains in the North of Algeria. The terrain data are collected from a Géologic map, satellite imageries, digital elevation model, rainfall data, field suveys and ancillary data. In this paper Frequency Ratios (FR) based on bivariate statistical method are evaluated by comparing the observed landslides to their controlling factors. The product of the linear summation of the FR values was a landslide susceptibility index (LSI) map. It was categorized using the natural breaks classification method. The resultant LS zonation map delineates the area into five hierarchic zones. The results confirms that the angle of the slope, plays the most role in wasting especially in road sides. The LS can be used for preliminary land use planning and hazard mitigation purpose. By means of this map the current route of the A1-H can be improved to cross less susceptibles zones.

2

Second occurrence of the new mineral harmunite CaFe2O4, Negev Desert, Israel

Środek D., Galuskina I.O.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2015

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Vol. 41, no. 1

142

EN

Harmunite (ideally CaFe2O4) was found in the natural environment for the first time in 2014 in pyrometamorpic larnite rocks of the Hatrurim Complex that lies near Jabel Harmun – moutain located in Judean Desert, Israel – from which it derives its name (Galuskina et al. 2014). Macroscopically, together with srebrodolskite and magnesioferrite, harmunite creates black porous aggregates (Galuskina et al. 2014). In reflected light with crossed polars it has light gray colour with characteristic red internal reflections (Galuskina et al. 2014). Harmunite occurs as crystal faceted by the simple forms {100}, {110}, {210}, {011}, {001}, and {010} or as rounded fragments (Galuskina et al. 2014). The structure of CaFe2O4 consist of double rutile-type ∞1[Fe2O6] chains, which are further linked by common oxygen corners creating a tunnel-structure with large trigonal prismatic cavities occupied by Ca along [001] (Galuskina et al. 2014). Synthetic compound CaFe2O4 is known and used as ceramic material and pigment, semiconductors, refractories, thermally stable material and others (Candeia et al. 2004, Kharton et al. 2008). This phase was also previously found in the Salair pyrometamorphic complex of Kuznetsky coal basin in south-west Siberia, Russia (Nigmatulina & Nigmatulina 2009) and Chelabynsk coal basin, Southern Urals, Russia (Chesnokov et al. 1998) and described as “aciculite”, but it was not approved as a mineral due to its anthropogenic origin (Galuskina et al. 2014). We found harmunite in pyrometamorphic gehlenite rocks of the Hatrurim Complex located in north-east part of Negev Desert, Israel. As for the holotype specimen, it forms aggregates with srebrodolskite and Mg – ferrite. Single grains of harmunite from Negev reach about 25 μm in size. In comparison with holotype specimen, this harmunite contains more varied substitution at octahedral site, where Fe3+is substituted by Cu, Ni or Zn. Futhermore, there is no Al, which was noted in holotype harmunite. The Raman spectrum of harmunite from Negev is similar to spectrum of holotype specimen and of the synthetic analog. The main Raman bands of harmunite from Negev are as follows (cm–1): 1241, 648, 601, 526, 439, 376, 301, 277, 214, 166, 131, 91.

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Laboratory measurements of natural radioactivity in selected igneous rocks of the Opava Mountains region

Dżaluk A., Malczewski D., Żaba J., Dziurowicz M.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2015

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Vol. 41, no. 1

73--74

EN

The paper presents the results of the laboratory gamma-ray measurements of six igneous rocks from the Opava Mountains. The Opava Mountains are located in the Eastern Sudetes and represent their furthest eastern range. They run almost latitudinally along the Polish border with the Czech Republic. The Opava Mountains are mostly situated in the Czech Republic. Only a small fragment between Głuchołazy in the west and Prudnik in the east is situated in Poland (Janeczek et al. 1991). The study area is built of rocks of different ages and lithologies. The Opava Mountains belong to the western part of the Upper Silesia Block, which together with the Brno Block form a structure that is called the Brunovistulicum. The mountains consist of five structural stages: the Žulova Massif, the Desna Series, the Vrbno Series, the Andělská-Hora Formation and the Horn-Benešov Formation, which run longitudinally (Żaba et al. 2005). The activities of naturally occurring radionuclides were measured using a portable GX3020 gamma-ray workstation. The system is based on a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector with a 32% relative efficiency and energy resolutions of 0.8 keV at 122 keV and 1.7 keV at 1330 keV. The activity concentrations of 40K varied from 519 Bq∙kg−1(paragneiss, Głuchołazy/Mikulice) to 1559 Bq∙kg−1(weathered granite, Sławniowice), while those of 228Ac (232Th series) from 7.2 Bq∙kg−1(weat hered granite, Sławniowice) to 70.6 Bq∙kg−1 (migmatitic gneiss, Nadziejów). The activities that were associated with 226Ra (238U series) ranged from 5.5 Bq∙kg−1(weathered granite, Sławniowice) to 52.2 Bq∙kg−1 (gneiss, Kamienna Góra). The measured activity concentrations were compared with the average activity concentration of 40K, 228Ac (232Th) and 226Ra (238U) for similar types of rocks reported in the world specialist literature. The average value of the activity concentrations of 40K for granites and gneisses equals 1000 Bq∙kg−1 (Van Schmus 1995, Eisenbud & Gesell 1997), which means that the measured value of granite in the Sławniowice quarry is significantly higher than the average one, whereas the activity concentration of paragneiss is almost two times lower than the average value of similar types of rocks. The activity concentrations of 228Ac (232Th) and 226Ra (238U) in measured rocks are comparable to the average values (70 Bq∙kg−1 and 40 Bq∙kg−1 respectively (Van Schmus 1995, Eisenbud & Gesell 1997). Only the activity concentrations of granite in the Sławniowice quarry are considerably lower than the average values for the typical ones because it is strongly weathered. The aim of this paper is to show the first experimental data concerning the activity concentrations of primordial radionuclides in the igneous rocks in the Opava Mountains.

4

Age and metamorphic conditions of the Tjeliken garnet – phengite gneiss (Swedish Caledonides)

Andersson B.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2015

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Vol. 41, no. 1

55--56

EN

Eroded down to mid-crustal level the Scandinavian Caledonides offer a unique opportunity to study the interior of a mountain chain and provide insight of processes active during orogenesis. The Seve Nappe Complex (SNC) is a key allochthon for understanding the evolution of the Scandinavian Caledonides. Several recent studies of the Ordovician metamorphic rocks in the SNC in Jämtland have revealed higher pressures than previously known suggesting a deeper subduction of the Baltoscandian margin (Janák et al. 2013, Klonowska et al. 2014, Majka et al. 2014a, b, Rosén 2014). Geochronological data indicate that the (ultra)-high pressure event occurred at c. 460 Ma (Brueckner & Van Roermund 2007). Together the two data sets may suggest an earlier Scandian subduction and collision than at the moment accepted. Target area for this study is the Tjeliken Mountain in the Blomhöjden – Stor Jougdan area in northern Jämtland. A recent study of the Tjeliken eclogite resulted in increased inferred pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions (Majka et al 2014a). Of particular interest for the area is that there currently are two contrasting tectonic interpretations, locating the Tjeliken Mountain in separate thrust sheets within the Seve Nappe Complex that differs in metamorphic grade (Strömberg et al. 1984; Zachrisson & Sjöstrand 1990). To further unravel the metamorphic evolution of the SNC, P-T conditions for the garnet – phengite gneiss hosting the Tjeliken eclogite is constructed. Also new U-Pb zircon data is presented to further construct the timing of the high-pressure event. Studied samples contain the main mineral assemblage garnet + quartz + phengite + clinozoisite – epidote ± feldspars ± carbonates with accessory zircon + titanite + apatite. Preliminary results from line-step profiles reveal oscillatory zoned garnets with respect to almandine (42–62%) and grossular (29–50%) components. Spessertine and pyrope components are substantially lower, 1.6–8% and 0.8–6% respectively. Spessertine component decreases towards the rim and pyrope component increases. Garnet porphyroblasts are rare and occur as various textural varieties. Of particular interest are the rare but large skeletal garnets, indicating a complex growth pattern. Also the epidote group minerals present in the studied samples show chemical zoning with two or three different zones. Ca component increases from core to rim whereas allanitic component decreases. Epidotes occur both in matrix and as inclusions in garnets. Phengites (Si = 3.1–3.4 a.p.f.u.) and feldspars (anorthite, albite, microcline) are also present both in matrix and in garnets. Albite-anorthite symplectites occur in matrix. Zircon crystals are euhedral. CL images reveal a core-mantle-rim zircon texture. Many cores show oscillatory zoning visible to various degree, whereas rims are plain. Th/U ratios for rims are 0–0.47. Secondary ion mass spectrometry performed by a Cameca 1280 ion microprobe on the rims yields concordant age at c. 460 Ma for high-pressure metamorphism. There are several ways of explanation of the garnet oscillatory zoning. Obtained data might suggest following as causes: (1) chemical reactions 56 between calcium-rich inclusions i.e. epidotes and feldspars during the formation of the garnet consuming the inclusions; (2) competition for calcium (Ca) between coexisting matrix phases; (the chemical zoning of epidote group minerals together with the zoning of garnet suggests that the two phases possibly competed for the Capresent in bulk rock causing the oscillatory zoning); (3) the skeletal garnets indicate a garnet growth path starting at rim and moving inwards during consumption of other phases (the high levels of Ca and corresponding low levels of Fe could be due to consumption of Ca-rich phases during growth); (4) open system behaviour with periodic supply of Ca by fluid. Further analysis is required to establish which process or combination of processes are responsible for the observed garnet zoning. Additional studies are also needed to establish the P-T evolution of the rock. The observed mineralogy indicate (U)HP metamorphic conditions. Phase equilibrium modelling will be performed to further unravel the P-T evolution of the garnet – phengite gneiss. The obtained U-Pb concordia age is in line with Brueckner & Van Roermunds’ (2007) ages for the (U)HP rocks in the area, arguing for a Late Ordovician high-pressure event affecting the Baltoscandian margin.

5

Wybrane aspekty prowadzenia działań rozpoznawczych w terenie górzystym

Modrzejewski Z.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2014

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nr 2(95)

191-207

EN

The article presents some aspects of planning and conducting reconnaissance in mountainous terrain. The mountainous terrain has played a significant role in numerous battles and has been the key area creating opportunities for further actions. Intelligence staff is responsible for gaining the information necessary for military decision making process. Intelligence cell conducts IPB process during mission planning and throughout the operation. By applying intelligence preparation of the battlefield, commanders gain the information necessary to selectively apply and maximize operational effectiveness at critical points in time and space. There are many considerations affecting organization of reconnaissance in the mountainous terrain. IPB identifies the facts and assumptions about the enemy, terrain, weather, and civil considerations that allow effective staff planning. A reasonable estimate of the terrain and the enemy may pose many difficulties. The main task of the reconnaissance units in such a terrain is to find out the presence, the organization and positions of the enemy troops. The proper organization of observation system in mountainous terrain is one of the most important planning issues for intelligence cell. Knowledge about the terrain is a key factor to defeat your opponent in the battle.

6

HP metamorphism recorded by kyanite-garnet gneisses in the Kafjord Nappe, Northern Norway -preliminary results

Ziemniak G., Majka J., Kośmińska K., Manecki M., Czerny J.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2014

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Vol. 40, no. 1

152--153

EN

Scandinavian Caledonides are Himalaya-type mountain belt consisting of allochthons that are a result of the Ordovician-Silurian collision of Baltica and Laurentia (Gee et al. 2008). The Skibotn Nappe Complex, traditionally ascribed to the Upper Allochthon (but possibly being a part of the Middle Allochthon) is situated in northern Norway. It consists of the Normandsvik, Kafjord and Vaddas nappes (Anderson et al. 1992). The Kafjord Nappe has not been fully examined, so the information about the age and metamorphic conditions are lacking. The main goal of this project is to provide a new data about peak metamorphic conditions to which the Kafjord Nappe has been exposed and to compare them with possible equivalents within the Scandinavian Caledonides. Three samples of kyanite-garnet gneisses from different parts of the Kafjord Nappe have been studied. All of them contain similar mineral assemblage. Progressive paragenesis occurs in lenses and contains garnet, kyanite, quartz, white mica, biotite, plagioclase, rutile and opaque minerals. Retrogressive paragenesis contains similar minerals with additional presence of chlorite. Two generations of garnet, white mica and biotite are present. Garnet I occurs as large poikiloblasts up to 6 mm in diameter with abundant variably sized inclusions, whereas garnet II is smaller (up to 1 mm) with less numerous inclusions. Biotite and white mica appear as flakes conformable with the main foliation and as transversal blasts. Kyanite occurs as transversal blasts up to 5 mm in size, with moderate number of inclusions. All the observations mentioned above suggest that these rocks were probably subjected to at least two metamorphic events, one of which could have happened under high pressure conditions. On the basis of chemical composition of minerals and rocks bulk chemistry, thermodynamical modeling will be performed and peak temperature and pressure as well as the retrogressive paths will be determined. Similarities in lithologies and the inferred grade of metamorphism suggest that, in contrast to the previous correlations, the studied gneisses from the Kafjord Nappe may be an equivalent of the Seve Nappe Complex described by Hacker & Gans (2005).

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Funkcja wypoczynkowa a krajobraz wsi górskich - stadium Sudetów Wschodnich - stadium przypadku czy determinacji

Oleszek J.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2012

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nr 1

24--29

EN

Highlands are an area predisposed to the development of the holiday function, hence the essential problem: - whether the current figure of the holiday infrastructure enriches or lowers a value of the landscape villages of the Eastern Sudeten Mountains. Analyses are indicating the huge asymmetry between raised still in 70ties or 80ties, holiday objects, located in the space of the village of holiday houses and old, often neglected country building development. The number of weekend objects new, being characterized by a different form of the lump, or the attempt of the reactivation of wooden buildings, it causes of the gradual disappearance of the local form and the decline of the historically formed landscape of the village. A new formula is formed; the profile is still unclear however.

8

Pracochłonność prac leśnych w wybranych typach siedlisk w górach

Molendowski F.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

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2008

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R. 12, nr 5(103)

137-143

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu typu siedliskowego lasu w górach na nakłady pracy zagospodarowania i użytkowania lasu. Nakłady pracy zagospodarowania i użytkowania lasu charakteryzują się dużym zróżnicowaniem ich wielkości w zależności od typu siedliska w górach. Najmniejsze nakłady pracy występują na siedlisku najuboższym Bór Wysokogórski i wynoszą odpowiednio na hodowlę 481 rbhźha-1, ochronę 291 rbhźha-1 oraz użytkowanie 911 rbhźha-1 i wzrastają w miarę polepszania się typu siedliskowego lasu i najwyższe występują na siedlisku Las Górski i wynoszą odpowiednio 1031 rbhźha-1, 341 rbhźha-1 i 2877 rbhźha-1.

EN

The paper presents results of the research concerning the impact of mountain forest biotopic type on the amount of labour for forest management and use. The amount of labour for forest management and use is highly diversified depending on the type of habitat in the mountains. Lowest amount of labour has been observed in the poorest habitat of Bór Wysokogórski, reaching respectively: 481 man-hoursźha-1 for breeding, 291 man-hoursźha-1 for protection, and 911 man-hoursźha-1 for use. These values tend to grow with improving forest biotopic type, and they are highest in the habitat of Las Górski, reaching respectively: 1031 man-hoursźha-1, 341 man-hoursźha-1 and 2877 man-hoursźha-1.

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Intensity of organic matter decomposition in various landscapes of Caucasus (Daghestan)

Fischer Zofia, Niewinna Magdalena, Yasulbutaeva Irina

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 1

105-116

EN

Decomposition process in the soil of desert, steppe and mountain landscapes was studied in the region of Caucasus (Daghestan). The study sites differed mainly in average temperature and humidity being generally extremely dry with soil poor in organic matter. Two methods - bags with grass and cellulose filter paper discs were used. No dependence was found between the rate of decomposition of introduced organic matter and organic nitrogen content, and C:N ratio in soil, but strong dependence was found with temperature and humidity conditions. The measured rate of organic matter decomposition in soil of desert, steppe, and mountain sites indicated that the level of decomposition activity of these soils is high. In summer it is lowest in steppe (1.97 mg [x] g^-1 [x] 24 h^-1), whereas the highest in mountains (5.68 mg [x] g^-1 [x] 24 h^-1). The annual average rate of decomposition of cellulose discs and hay in mountain site was almost two times higher than in steppe site and nearly three times higher than in desert site. Mainly climatic conditions i.e. long-lasting drought (almost all the year) in desert as well as in steppe (January to August) are responsible for this difference.

10

Zmiany stężeń O3 [ozonu], H2O2 [nadtlenku wodoru], i NO2 [dwutlenku azotu] i SO2 [dwutlenek siarki], w powietrzu podczas epizodów chmurowych [ komunikat]

Zwoździak J., Zwoździak A., Kmieć G., Sówka I.

Archiwum Ochrony Środowiska

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2004

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Vol. 30, no. 3

137--146

PL

Omówiono różnice w stężeniach SO2, NO2, O3, i H2O2, w powietrzu dla warunków bezchmurnych i zachmurzenia całkowitego, w powietrzu w chmurach oraz na początku i końcu epizodu chmurowego. Badania terenowe przeprowadzono na Szrenicy (1362 m a.s.l.; 50"79 N' 15"51 E) w Karkonoszach w lipcu 1999 i 2000 roku. Analiza korelacji pomiędzy stężeniami SO2 NO2, O3, H2O2 i zawartością wody w chmurach (LWC) wykazała istnienie zależności w szerokim zakresie współczynników korelacji. Najwyższe stwierdzono pomiędzy H2O2 i O, oraz NO, i SO, (r > 0,60). Stężenia H2O2 były odwrotnie proporcjonalne do stężeń NO2 (r = - 0,41), ale tylko dla warunków zachmurzenia. Ozon wykazywał ujemną korelację z LWC (r = - 0,46). Badania terenowe nie dostarczyły dowodów na znaczące zmiany stężeń NO2 i SO2 w powietrzu podczas przemieszczania się chmur. Wyniki potwierdzają, że na zmiany stężeń O3wpływają głównie procesy fizyczne w chmurach, a zwłaszcza na początku i końcu epizodu chmurowego.

EN

The overall differences in SO2, NO2, O3 and H2O2 concentrations have been discussed for cloud and cloud-free conditions, and in the cloud interstitial air and in the air before or after a cloud. A field campaign was conducted at Szrenica Summit (1362 m a.s.l.; 50"79 N' 15"51 E), the Karkonosze Mountains in July 1999 and 2000. Generally, a correlation analysis between the concentrations of SO2, NO2, O3, H2O2 and LWC showed a wide range of moderately high correlation coefficients. The highest correlation coefficients existed between H2O2 and O3, and NO2 and SO2 (r > 0.60). Hydrogen peroxide was inversely proportional to NO2 (r = - 0.41) but only for the cloudy periods. Ozone had a moderately high negative correlation with LWC (r = - 0.46). The field measurements did not provide an evidence of significant losses of NO2 and SO2 as air passed through clouds. The results suggest that mostly physical processes within the clouds modify O3 concentrations at the beginning and the end of cloud episodes.

11

Fractal sky algorithm

Pietruszka M., Wawrzyniak A.

Journal of Applied Computer Science

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1998

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Vol. 6, nr 1

37-50

EN

The paper presents a simple and fast algorithm based on the midpoint displacement method and applied to modelling and visualisation of a cloudy sky. The use of the parameters given in the paper enables generation of a model common for both sky and mountains, which significantly reduces modelling time.