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1

Mounds and barrows as important elements of cultural landscape of Poland

Gawałkiewicz Rafał

Geoinformatica Polonica

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2019

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T. 18

87--99

EN

The tradition of making mounds in the area of Poland goes back to prehistoric times. Mounds had the function as the places of skeleton burials and/or cremation burials as well as places of worship. Later mounds had (among others) the following func-tions: orientation points, signalization points, landmarks and border points, artificial elevations for development, elements of the landscape in gardens and parks, places of burial, monuments honouring famous people and historic events. Their proper documentation, by their characteristics through graphical description, can be a valuable source on their localization, history and technical shape of the building.The article presents proposals of a card of scientific documentation of mounds and barrows, using the example of the Krakus Mound. Based on scientific literature, cartographic materials, lists of the Polish Tourist and Sightseeing Society (PTTK) and interviews in the fields, 1111 (including 85 destroyed) mounds and barrows were illustrated on the map, making an open database.

PL

Tradycja sypania kopców i kurhanów na ziemiach polskich sięga czasów prehistorycznych. Kurhany pełniły funkcję mogilną pochówków szkieletowych i ciałopalnych oraz miejsc kultu. Późniejsze kopce spełniały m.in. funkcje: punktów orientacyjnych, sygnalizacyjnych, strażniczych i granicznych, sztucznych wyniosłości terenu pod zabudowę, elementów wystroju ogrodów i parków dworskich, mogilne, pomników ku czci ważnych osobistości i wydarzeń państwowych. Właściwe ich udokumen-towanie poprzez charakterystykę opisowo-graficzną może stanowić cenne źródło informacji o lokalizacji, historii oraz stanie technicznym budowli. W artykule przedstawiono propozycję karty naukowo-dokumentacyjnej kopca lub kurhanu na przykładzie kopca Krakusa. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej kwerendy literatury naukowej, materiałów kartograficznych, wykazów PTTK oraz wywiadów terenowych zilustrowano na mapie lokalizację 1111 kopców i kurhanów (w tym 85 zniszczonych), które stanowią otwartą bazę danych.

2

Earthen Forms in Landscape Architecture - from Geoglyphs to Contemporary Urban Parks

Porada K.

Architektura Krajobrazu

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2018

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nr 2

42--61

EN

The shaping of land forms brings significant cultural values to landscape architecture and it has been stimulating unconventional solutions and innovations for centuries – if only in terms of construction technology and their protection and maintenance. Man-made slopes, terraces, ramparts, mounds, embankments or pits are recognizable artifacts, some of which are at the same time archetypes. The aim of the article is to present a short review of the use of earthen forms in landscape design, as well as to define how their genesis has changed over the centuries, from symbolic values to such motivations as ecology, recycling or reclamation of post-industrial areas.

PL

Kształtowanie form ziemnych wnosi do architektury krajobrazu istotne wartości kulturowe i od wieków motywuje do niestandardowych rozwiązań oraz innowacji - chociażby pod względem technologii budowy oraz ich zabezpieczenia i utrzymywania. Modelowane przez człowieka skarpy, tarasy, nasypy, kopce, wały czy doły są rozpoznawalnymi artefaktami, z których część stanowi jednocześnie swoiste archetypy. Artykuł ma na celu zaprezentowanie krótkiego przeglądu stosowania form ziemnych w projektowaniu krajobrazu, a także określenie, w jaki sposób geneza ich powstawania ulegała przemianom na przestrzeni wieków, począwszy od wartości symbolicznych aż po takie motywacje jak ekologia, recykling czy rekultywacja terenów postindustrialnych.

3

Formy ziemne w kompozycji współczesnych parków miejskich

Porada K.

Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddział PAN w Krakowie

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2017

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T. 45

271--285

PL

W ciągu ostatnich kilkudziesięciu lat w architekturze krajobrazu zaobserwować można tendencję do wprowadzania w przestrzeń publiczną artystycznych form ziemnych, tzw. earthworks. Nowe idee, których korzenie sięgają już prehistorii, mają bliski związek z artystycznym nurtem land artu. Niniejsza praca to próba określenia przyczyn stosowania wyrazistej rzeźby terenu, jako istotnego czynnika kompozycyjnego we współczesnych parkach, na przykładzie obiektów europejskich i amerykańskich.

EN

Over the past few decades in landscape architecture the new trend can be observed – putting artistic earthworks into public space. New ideas, whose roots date back to prehistoric times, have a close relationship with the artistic mainstream of land art. This paper is an attempt to determine the reasons for the use of expressive terrain as an essential factor in modern parks compositions, for example European and American facilities.

4

Geodetic and astronomical aspects of Krakow`s prehistoric mounds

Góral W.

Reports on Geodesy

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2006

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z. 2/77

53-60

5

Facies, stratigraphy and diagenesis of Middle Devonian reef- and mud-mounds in the Mader (eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco)

Kaufmann B.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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1998

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Vol. 48, no. 1

43-106

EN

During the Devonian, the eastern Anti-Atlas formed a part of the northwestern continental margin of Gondwana which was a mid-latitudinal (30-40 stopni S), temperate-water carbonate province. In the Mader region, ten carbonate mounds (one reef-mound and nine mud-mounds), distributed over five discrete localities, are intercalated within a 200-400 m thick Middle Devonian succession. The arid climate of the northwestern margin of the Sahara has exhumed these mounds which display perfectly their original morphologies and relations to off-mound lithologies. The carbonate mounds of the Mader area consist of massive, stromatactis-bearing boundstones (wackestones and floatstones in a purely descriptive manner) with the bulk of the mound volume consisting of fine-grained carbonate (microspar). High accumulation rates (0,2-0,8 m/1000 a), purity of mound carbonates (.95% CaCo3) and homogeneous Mg-calcite mineralogy strongly argue for in situ carbonate production by microbial (cyanobacterial/bacterial) communities. In addition, other indications (calcified cyanobacteria in the immediate neighbourhood of stromatactis fabrics, dark crusts surrounding stromatactis fabrics and alignment of stromatactis fabrics parallel to the accretionary mound surfaces) suggest a close relationship between stromatactis formation and carbonate production. Microbial communities probably flourished on the mound surfaces, precipitating fine-grained carbonates and consolidating the steepmound flanks by their mucilages. Once embedded, these communities decayed and were successively replaced by calcite cements, finally resulting in stromatactis fabrics. The facies model proposed for the three most conspicuous mound occurrences (Aferdou el Mrakib, Guelb el Maharch, Jebel el Otfal) is a 40 km wide, tectonically-controlled homoclinal ramp, which developed between an area of uplift (Mader Platform) and another area of strong subsidence (depocentre of the Mader Basin). The bathymetric gradient of this ramp is reflected by a Middle Devonian facies pattern varying from shallow to deeper water environments and by different faunal associations of the carbonate mounds. The Aferdou el Mrakib reef-mound was established at moderate water depth (midramp setting), because it contains abundant frame-builders (stromatoporoids, colonial rugose corals) but lacks indications for euphotic conditions, like calcareous algae and micritic envelopes. The Guelb el Maharch and Jebel el Otfal mud-mounds contain a much more impoverished fauna, dominated by crinoids and tabulate corals (auloporids), indicating a deeper bathymetric position (outer ramp setting) on the ramp. Further, but rather unspectacular mud-mounds (SE' Zireg, Jebel Ou Driss) are situatedapart from the ramp at localities in the southern and the southwestern Mader area respectively. Mound growth was possibly initiated by hydrothermalseepage at the seafloor though no evidences for hydrothermal activity, like mineralizations or depleted delta^13 C values, have been found to date. Slightly elevated temperatures may have stimulated the benthic fauna, especially crinoids, forming flat in situ lenses, which in turn served as substrates for microbial colonization. Termination of mound growth in the Mader Basin is connected with the subsidence-caused drowning of the carbonate ramp. Poorly-fossiliferous, laminated mudstones overlie the mounds and suggest a southward-directed extension of basinal facies onlapping the ramp and its mounds and resulting in poorly oxygenated seafloor conditions. Diagenesis of the Mader Basin carbonate mounds includes early marine, shallow marine burial and deeper burial cementation, recrystallization of the fine-grained mound carbonates, stylolitization and dolomitization. Radiaxial calcites (RC) precipitated in the marine environment and are believed to have preserved a nearly primary marine stable isotopic composition of the Mader Basin seawater with mean values of delta^18 O=-2.6(+-0.2)promili PDB and delta^13C=+2.7(+-0.5)promili PDB. The exceptional high delta^18 O values,compared with other Middle Devonian data derived from North American studies, are interpreted as resulting from the mid-latitudinal, temperate-water settings of the Mader Basin carbonate mounds. The diagenetic history is characterized by progressive burial conditions. Meteoric influences can be ruled out because the progressively deepening bathymetric evolution of the Mader Basin excludes subaerial exposure. All diagenetic events, especially cement zones, are probably diachronous and therefore cannot be correlated within in the Mader Basin and not even within individual mounds. Fault-related dolomitization, postdating Variscan compression was the last diagenetic event which affected the carbonate mounds of the Mader area.