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PL
Samorządowcy coraz bardziej starają się, aby zarządzanie przez nich miasta były dobrym, pięknym i wygodnym domem dla mieszkańców. Żeby mogło tak być, miasta muszą stanowić także dom dla przyrody, która niestety w wielu miejscach została przepędzona albo usunięta na rzecz betonu, stali czy asfaltu.
2
Content available remote Motyw motyla w dekoracjach nagrobnych – wybrane przykłady sztuki sepulkralnej
PL
Symbolikę motyla, głęboko zakorzenioną w kulturze, nakreśla greckie znaczenie tego terminu. Psyche, oznacza dosłownie motyla, jak i duszę. Cykl życiowy owada posłużył za porównanie do egzystencji człowieka – gąsienica, będąca stadium larwalnym symbolizuje ludzki los na ziemi, poczwarka, jako forma przejściowa – Śmierć, natomiast motyl, będący postacią doskonalą, jest metaforą zmartwychwstania oraz zbawienia. Motyl jako symbol nadziei oraz nieśmiertelności pojawia się zarówno w chrześcijańskiej, jak i w żydowskiej sztuce nagrobnej. Praca prezentuje motyw motyla na wybranych chrześcijańskich zabytkowych nagrobkach, gdzie został przedstawiony w formie płaskorzeźby bądź jako atrybut postaci figuralnej (skrzydła). Przeprowadzona analiza cmentarzy Polski południowo-wschodniej opisywany motyw wykazała na cmentarzach Rzeszowa (Stary Cmentarz, Cmentarz Pobitno), w Krakowie (Cmentarz Rakowicki) oraz Tarnowie (Stary Cmentarz).
EN
Butterfly is a symbol of Psyche, whose is name the Greek word for both “soul” and “butterfly”. Symbolic meaning of the butterfly based upon its metamorphosis from an egg to a adult insect. This three stages in butterflies life as represented by the caterpillar, the chrysalis and the butterfly, which are clearly symbols of life, death and resurrection. Butterfly, as an emblem of hope, human soul and immortality, was used in Christian and Jewish sepulchral art. This paper presents this symbol in selected, listed Christian cemetery, where the tombs were emblazoned butterflies relief or its wings. This paper contains a overview of research conducted in the grave-yard of South-Eastern Poland. We found the butterfly emblem in Rzeszow (Stary Cmentarz, Cmentarz Pobitno), Krakow (Cmentarz Rakowicki) and Tarnow (Stary Cmentarz).
EN
Larvae and adults of some generalist insect species co-occur in identical habitats whereas adults and larvae of other generalist species do not co-occur and occupy different habitats. The Meadow brown, Maniola jurtina (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), is common and widely distributed in Europe where it is considered a habitat generalist. As knowledge about the occurrence of the larvae of the Meadow brown is scarce (different and more difficult methods are needed to collect larvae compared to adults) a complex assessment of the life strategy of this generalist is limited. We addressed here the question as to whether the adults and larvae of the Meadow brown co-occurred in the same habitats and how they depended on the type of grassland vegetation and habitat management. We expected co-occurrence of adults and larvae and similar effects of habitat management on them. We selected four habitat types belonging to the alliance Arrhenatherion elatioris W. Koch 1926, which form mosaic patterns in the rural landscape of central Slovakia: (1) extensive meadows mown once a year, (2) extensive meadows mown twice a year, (3) abandoned meadows, and (4) ecotones between deciduous forests and meadows mown once a year. Adults were counted in each habitat on seven transects 50 m long (in seven replicates) during the summer of 2003, 2004 and 2005. Larvae were collected in each habitat on 10 transects 50 m long (ten replicates) by sweeping vegetation (60 sweepings per transect) at night in May 2005 and 2006. Both adults and larvae occurred in all the mentioned types of habitats. A high abundance of adults and larvae was recorded in extensive meadows mown once a year and in ecotones. The lowest abundance of adults and larvae was found in abandoned meadows. The differences between abandoned meadows and ecotones (in the case of adults) and between abandoned meadows and extensive meadows mown once a year (in the case of larvae) were significant in all study years (P <0.05; multiple comparisons, K-W ANOVA). In the abandoned meadows the number of adults and larvae (median) was approximately 2 to 5 and 5 to 25 times lower than in the preferred habitats, respectively. Maximum numbers of both adults and larvae per single recording/sampling date were obtained in extensive meadows mown once a year; that is 185 adults in a transect 350 m long and 4 m wide and 267 larvae in the transect 500 m long (600 sweepings). Hence, similar to adults, larvae tend to be habitat generalists. Our results have confirmed the "advantageous" life strategy of M. jurtina which enables the species to adapt to a wide range of habitats, including those under strong pressure from humans. Comparing management practices in the study habitats, meadows which are mowed once a year were the most appropriate alternative for this species.
PL
Od dawna w naszej prasie ogrodniczej nie zajmowano się tak intensywnie i tak długo jakimś owadem, jak obecnie szrotówkiem kasztanowcowiaczkiem. Temu małemu motylkowi przypisuje się całą winę za zły stan drzew kasztanowca białego.
PL
Motyle to bardzo liczny rząd owadów, wśród których znajduje się wiele ważnych gospodarczo szkodników. Jednym z nich jest brudnica nieparka, która upodobała sobie rośliny liściaste.
EN
Much of the research into the demography of butterflies conducted in Europe during the last few decades focused on rapidly declining or, on the other hand, expanding species, whereas species with stable trend tend to be neglected by researchers. Argynnis aglaja, a widely distributed inhabitant of semi-natural grasslands, represents a suitable model for studying patterns of landscape persistence of not-yet-threatened grassland insects. Using mark-recapture method conducted for one season on humid meadows in Western Bohemia, Czech Republic, we show that this large-bodied species is capable to form large and dense populations, reaching densities of over 250 individuals per hectare. The adults were relatively long-living, an average female longevity (11.8 d) was over twice as high as an average male longevity (4.6 d), with maxima being 22 (a male) and 30 (a female) days. The prolonged female lifespan is beneficial for a species that do not emerge with fully-matured eggs and oviposits singly over large areas. Modelling mobility, well-approximated by an inverse-power function, predicted that about one individual in a thousand would cross the distance of 1000 meters. We conclude that the satisfactory conservation status of A. aglaja stems from its capability to reach high local densities combined with a good dispersal power.
EN
This study assessed the effects of temperature on survival rate and duration of development (DD), i.e., time needed by larvae to reach the pupal stage, in nun moth (Lymantria monacha L.) and gypsy moth (L. dispar L.). The larvae were raised at 15, 20 or 25 [degrees] C, and fed with current-year-needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and leaves of English oak (Quercus robur L.), respectively. With increasing temperature 15, 20 and 25 [degrees] C, larval survival rate (LSR) declined in L. monacha (for 35th day LSR was 0.44, 0.31 and 0.21, respectively), but increased in L. dispar (0.50, 1.00 and 0.94). In contrast, the duration of development decreased with increasing temperature in larvae of both moth species (67, 52 and 39 days for L. monacha, and 66, 43 and 33 days for L. dispar, respectively). The differences in larval survival rate between those species at higher temperatures can affect significantly their growth and development in warmer years. Therefore, it is possible that under global climate change these differences may lead to changes in distribution of both insect species.
PL
Cechą charakterystyczną motyli (Lepidoptera) są zachodzące na siebie dachówkowato łuski, szczelnie pokrywające powierzchnię skrzydeł. To właśnie one tworzą charakterystyczny, zwykle barwny rysunek motyli. Stąd wzięła się naukowa nazwa tych owadów, która po polsku oznacza łuskoskrzydłe.
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