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Methods of Automatic Interpretation of Signals Used in Control Systems

Wójcik Krzysztof

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

2024

Vol. 18, no 3

79--91

The article presents the concepts of control systems that use methods of automatic analysis and interpretation of signals. These issues are presented through the description of three control strategies: simple closed-loop control, control using a process of classification, and using a signal understanding technique. The systems based on the discussed concepts are illustrated with examples of controlling a milling machine and an autonomous vehicle. In addition, in more detail, a task of learning human motor activities is described. This task, due to the nature of the controlled object, which is a human being, is extremely difficult. The article shows that the advanced control process, in which the control algorithm is selected and its parameters are adapted to the current situation, may be implemented through the use of the classification process and machine learning methods in general. Changing the algorithm is also possible using signal understanding techniques. These techniques, utilizing models of the objects, allow to predict the long-term effects of the control process. The ability to build control systems that operate in the above manner is of huge practical importance. The aim of this article is to describe the methods of automatic signal interpretation used in control processes and identify the main problems related to their use. The key problems refer to the acquisition of expert knowledge by the system. In order for this knowledge to be effectively transferred, the methods used in the system should have a high level of explainability. Showing the essential nature of this feature is the main outcome of this work.

Acute effects of core stability exercises on balance control

Szafraniec R., Barańska J., Kuczyński M.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

2018

Vol. 20, no. 3

145--151

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a single bout of core stability exercises improves body balance immediately after the bout of exercise and during a retention test. Methods: The study involved 16 women (age 22–25 years, body weight 60.5 ± 5.2 kg, height 166 ± 5.4 cm). Postural stability was assessed in the mediolateral (ML) and anteroposterior (AP) planes separately on a force plate (Kistler 9286 AA) during quiet standing on a soft support surface with the eyes closed. Subjects were measured 4 times: just before (T0), 1 minutes after (T1 m), 30 minutes after (T30 m), and 24 hours after the workout (T24 h). Postural balance was evaluated by five parameters based on the center of pressure (COP) signal: variability (VAR), mean velocity (VEL), sample entropy (ENT), frequency (FRE), and fractal dimension (FRA). Results: We observed a decrease in VAR and VEL in the ML plane at T30 m and T24 h, compared to T0. The COP entropy significantly increased in the ML plane at T24 h, compared to T0. Conclusions: A single bout of core stability exercises improved the control of the mediolateral body balance. This effect was evident within 30 minutes after exercise, and remained for at least 24 hours. In addition, 24 hours after exercise we observed an increased automaticity in the strategy to maintain a stable upright stance.