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Spectral Signatures of Conifer Needles Mainly Depend on Their Physical Traits

Marín S. T. de, Novák M., Klančnik K., Gaberščik A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2016

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Vol. 64, nr 1

1--13

EN

The aim of this study was to determine the traits that define the optical properties of the needles of four coniferous species: Picea abies, Picea omorika, Abies alba and Pinus sylvestris. The analysis included measurements of the needles for their morphological and anatomical aspects, reflectances at the upper and lower needle surfaces through their 280–880-nm spectra, and biochemical traits. The needles of these species differed significantly in the majority of morphological and anatomical traits, with the most pronounced differences seen for the thickness of the cuticle and epidermis, the needle width and thickness, the width of the central cylinder, and the position and density of the stomata. The reflectance spectra of the upper needle surface were very similar, while for the reflectance of the lower needle surface, P. omorika reflected light the most efficiently, followed by A. alba. The biochemical properties indicated significant differences in the amounts of UV-absorbing compounds, which were highest in P. sylvestris, and relatively low in A. alba and P. abies. The upper needle surface reflectance spectra were significantly affected by thickness of the cuticle, by pore width and by total mesophyll thickness, which explained 24%, 12% and 4% of the variability, respectively. The needle traits that explained the reflectance spectra variability of the lower needle surface were the hypoderm (28%), needle thickness (4%), density of stomata (28%), length of the outer pores (9%), and amount of UV-A-absorbing compounds (7%). Our data show that the needle reflectance spectra are primarily affected by the physical structure of the needles, and little by the needle biochemistry. This calls into question the methodologies for determination of the biochemical status of conifers based on their reflectance spectra.

2

Analiza morfologiczna wybranych ekotypów Lotus corniculatus L. z kolekcji Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin w Bydgoszczy

Jendrzejczak E., Majtkowski W., Schmidt J.

Ekologia i Technika

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2012

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R. 20, nr 5

313-320

PL

W 2010 r. wykonano obserwacje kolekcji komonicy zwyczajnej, prowadzonej na terenie Ogrodu Botanicznego Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin, Oddział w Bydgoszczy. Do szczegółowych porównań cech morfologicznych wybrano 6 ekotypów i jedną odmianę ustalona. Stwierdzono, że potomstwo ekotypów komonicy zwyczajnej dochodzącej z naturalnych lokalizacji utrzymuje cechy morfologiczne i dynamikę wzrostu podobne do materiału wyjściowego. Istotne różnice między ekotypami polegają na odmiennościach w tempie odrastania po ruszeniu wegetacji oraz tendencji do regeneracji po skoszeniu.

EN

In 2010 an examination of morphological traits in the collection of ecotypes of the bird's foot trefoil was carried out by the Bydgoszcz Research Division of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute. 6 chosen ecotypes and one cultivar were compared in detail in the study. They stated. that progeny of ecotypes of the bird's foot trefoil coming from natural location are keeping traits of the description and dynamics of the growing, it is possible to assign to the dissimilarity for conditions of their habitations of the origin. Substantial differences referred between ecotypes in the range of regrowth after moving the vegetation and the capacity for the regeneration after cutting.

3

Intra-versus inter-population variation of cone and seed morphological traits of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. in northern China : impact of climate-related conditions

Ji M., Zhang Q., Deng J., Zhang X., Wang Z.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 4

717-727

EN

Morphological traits of conifer species are known to vary adaptively with the geographic and climatic variables, but little is known about intra- and inter-population variation and impact of associated climate factors on the morphological variation. Chinese hard pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr) is a major and widespread component of coniferous forests in the temperate and semi-humid zone in northern China. Here we investigated 12 life history traits involving cone length (CL), width (CW) and dry weight (CDW), cone length to width ratio (CLW), seed length (SL), width (CW) and total weight (STW), seed length to width ratio (SLW), seed wing length (SWL), width (SWW) and total weight (SWTW), seed wing length to width ration (SWLW) at 12 sites between longitudes (102[degrees]E to 122[degrees]E) and latitudes (32[degrees]N to 43[degrees]N) covering an altitude range of 125.2581 m. Our results showed that each morphological character presented a large variation both within and among populations. Moreover, we found that proportion of phenotypic variation (i.e. V[st], %) of the all cone traits except for the cone width was over 50% among populations, indicating that the variation of these traits was mainly controlled by the environmental variables. Although the mean proportion of phenotypic variation of all measured traits was only about 28% among populations of this species, it was much higher than those of other conifers, which further suggested that this species held the higher adaptive phenotypic variation or stress-tolerance ability under varying environmental conditions. Furthermore, the phenotypic variation presented a general pattern that almost all measured traits were negatively correlated with the potential evapotranspiration which reflected the synthetic effects of multiple factors such as the temperature and rainfall, rather than a single environmental or climatic factor. In conclusion, according to the relationship between phenotypic variation and climate factors, it will undoubtedly provide important information for the reforestation and genetic conservation for this species in the changing climate.

4

The morphological variability of Convallaria majalis L. in natural and cultivated populations in three regions of Poland

Kosiński I., Galera H., Chwedorzewska K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 3

473-482

EN

Introducing indigenous plants into cultivation and breeding programs in order to obtain new taxa can create the undesirable effects and pose a real threat to natural populations. The main problem of our study was to assess whether the phenotypic characters might allow distinguishing cultivated Convallaria majalis from plants occurring in natural habitats. The range of phenotype variability of Convallaria majalis L. shoots from forests and gardens growing in different edaphic factors was studied in 2005-2006 in north (Gdańsk), central (Warsaw) and south (Cracow) regions of Poland. Ten or eleven forest locations and the same number of garden locations were designated in each region. The soil at the forest sites was poorer in phosphorus and calcium and more acidic than at the garden sites from which the cultivated plants were obtained. Thirty flowering shoots were collected from each study site. The numbers as well as size of flowers, size of racemes and leaves were investigated. The following hypotheses were formulated: (a) due to conscious and unconscious selection, cultivated plants should have more numerous and larger flowers and a longer inflorescence (these characters are most significant for the ornamental appearance of the plant) than plants growing in forests; (b) cultivated plants exhibit less phenotype variability than do natural populations. The forest plants from all the three regions together had, in comparison with garden plants, significantly shorter racemes with fewer flowers, a narrower and shorter perianth, and a longer lower leaf with a narrower and longer leaf blade. In the forest plants raceme length exhibited the highest variability while the lowest was noted in perianth length. More morphological differences were noted between the forest and garden plants than among those from the three different regions. The results obtained indicate that the level of variability in the studied characters was similar in forest and cultivated plants. A high level of variability in some morphological characters of lily of the valley probably stems from the high phenotype plasticity of this plant and the diversified biotope conditions in which it occurs. The significant differences between forest and garden plants could have been related to differences in habitat conditions.