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PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań dostępnych na rynku i aktualnie eksploatowanych pochłaniaczy wilgoci. Doświadczalnie sprawdzono parametry dwóch typów żeli krzemionkowych, glinki bentonitowej i dwóch typów sit molekularnych dostępnych na rynku oraz aktualnie eksploatowanego w sprzęcie uzbrojenia wielokrotnie regenerowanego silikażelu. W ramach pracy określono maksymalną chłonności pochłaniaczy wilgoci dla różnych warunków klimatycznych, minimalny poziom wilgotności względnej (RH) w osuszanej komorze pomiarowej dla różnych ilości absorbentu oraz trwałości wiązania wody w zmiennych warunkach temperaturowych. Analiza otrzymanych wyników pozwoliła porównać rodzaje absorbentów określić ich zalety i wady oraz pozwoliła ocenić stopień zużycia aktualnie eksploatowanego absorbentu wilgoci w sprzęcie uzbrojenia.
EN
The article presents results of tests for moisture absorbers currently used and available on the market. Experimental investigations were carried out for two types of silica gels, the bentonite clay and two types of molecular sieves available on the market, as well as for the reused silica gel currently deployed inweapon systems. As part of the work, the maximum absorbency of moisture absorbers for various climatic conditions, the minimum relative humidity (RH) in the drying measuring chamber for various amounts of absorbent, and the durability of water binding at variable temperature conditions were determined. Analysis of results allowed both to compare advantages and disadvantages of various absorbents, and to assess a degree of the wear for moisture absorbents currently used in armament equipment.
PL
Oceniono energetyczną efektywność osuszania gazu syntezowego na sitach molekularnych, wprowadzonego w ramach modernizacji trzech wytwórni amoniaku zbudowanych w latach 80.-90. XX w. Wbrew rozpowszechnionej opinii dowiedziono, że nawet w przypadku pętli syntezy amoniaku na licencji H. Topsøe osuszanie gazu syntezowego spowodowało obniżenie wskaźnika zużycia energii o 0,3-0,6 GJ/t NH₃. Osuszanie gazu syntezowego w instalacji KBR 1000 t/d połączone z gruntowną rekonstrukcją pętli syntezy amoniaku umożliwiło obniżenie wskaźnika zużycia energii o 0,74 GJ/t NH₃, a z uwzględnieniem korzyści wynikającej z powiększenia zdolności produkcyjnej wytwórni z 1200 do 1400 t/d oszczędność w zużyciu energii przekroczyła 1,15 GJ/t NH₃.
EN
Energy saving as a result of make up gas (MUG) drying on mol. sieves commissioned in 3 NH₃ plants was estd. Even in case of the NH₃ syn-loop licensed by H. Topsøe, significant energy savings resulted from MUG drying amounting to 0.3-0.6 GJ/t NH₃ were achieved. The MUG drying unit implemented in the KBR 1000 tpd NH₃ plant resulted in decrease of energy consumption by 0.74 GJ/t NH₃, and even by 1.15 GJ/t when estd. together with extra benefits from increased capacity of the plant from 1200 to 1400 tpd.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono charakterystykę krążących komórek nowotworowych (KKN) w kontekście ich wzbogacania. Pokazano możliwość stosowania sit molekularnych w procesie izolacji KKN. Wyróżniono istotne czynniki techniczne mające wpływ na skuteczność wzbogacania KKN z użyciem sit molekularnych oraz wskazano konieczność kompromisowego doboru tych parametrów. Przedstawiono konstrukcję sita 2D opracowaną w ramach działalności Centrum Inżynierii Biomedycznej WAT. Wskazano dalsze kierunki badań zakładające użycie tej konstrukcji do filtra molekularnego w formie stosu sit.
EN
The article presents the characteristics of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in the context of their enrichment. It presents the possibility of the use of molecular sieves in CTC isolation. It shows important technical factors affecting the efficiency of CTC enrichment using molecular sieves and indicates the necessity of compromise choice of these parameters. It shows 2D molecular sieve construction made within the Biomedical Engineering Centre of MUT. It presents the future directions of research which assumes the use of this construction for a molecular filter in the form of sieve stack.
EN
Structural, physicochemical and adsorption properties of two natural and one synthetic molecular sieves were investigated by various techniques: X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption and inverse gas chromatography. The influence of these properties on the ability to adsorb two model fragrances: p-cymene and menthol was studied. The free enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy of adsorption of fragrance molecules on the surface of zeolite and zeolite-like materials were estimated by using inverse gas chromatography. Also, the influence of temperature on the stability of solid-fragrance compound systems as well as the release of the adsorbed fragrance compounds was studied. The obtained results exhibit that both porosity and chemical composition of molecular sieves influence the size and strength of adsorption of fragrance compounds. The study indicated different release characteristics for p-cymene and menthol.
EN
A microporous SAPO-11 Molecular sieve was successfully synthesized by the hydrothermal method, using a single agent, as an organic template: di-isopropylamine (DIPA). The obtained solid was calcined at 550◦C for three hours, after which the flow of nitrogen was exchanged for that of synthetic air and submitted for another ten hours of calcination, so as to remove the single agent: di-isopropylamine, which after the removal of the template could be observed by the high crystallization of the sample. Furthermore, the molecular sieve was characterized by XRD, SEM, TG-DTG and N2 adsorption desorption (BET analysis). The obtained catalyst proved to have a high potential catalytic activity and selectivity, through the obtained characterization results, exhibiting good hydrothermal stability. The catalytic performance of SAPO-11 was tested by the deactivation/regenerability of the coked sample, furthered by cracking of n-hexane reaction and high olefins selectivity was obtained.
PL
Autor wprowadza czytelnika w tematykę komór rękawicowych. W tekście prezentowane są główne elementy konstrukcyjne komór, a także najpopularniejsze zastosowania urządzeń w praktyce. Artykuł należy traktować jako wprowadzenie do tematyki, przydatne dla osób rozważających potrzebę wykorzystania tego typu urządzeń w procesie badawczym lub produkcyjnym.
EN
Author introduces the reader to the subject of glove chambers. Text presents the main structural elements of the chambers with their use as well as the most commonly used devices in practice. Article should be treated as an introduction to the subject, useful for those who are considering the need to use this type of equipment in the test or production.
EN
The development of a one-stage procedure for hydrocarbons oxidation to produce oxygen bearing products is still a challenging task for chemical technology. In the presented paper, the recent achievements in heterogeneous oxidation of benzene to phenol and propene to propylene oxide, as well as an oxidative functionalization of light paraffins have been demonstrated. The successful use of molecular sieves modified with transition metal cations as catalysts for oxidation reactions, performed in the presence of nitrous oxide as an oxidant has been shown. One-stage benzene to phenol hydroxylation was developed and commercialised on the base of iron modified high silica zeolites as catalysts and N_2O as an oxidant. However, structure of the active iron complex and mechanism of the oxidation reaction are still under debate. The most important ideas are presented in the paper. Panov and co-workers [5, 10, 29] underline the role of binuclear iron complex accommodated on ion-exchangeable centres in zeolite channels which easily undergo autoreducion at high temperature and subsequent reoxidation as a result of contact with N2O. Ryder and Bell [35, 36] indicate (FeO_2)+ complex as responsible for benzene hydroxylation, while Hensen and co-workers [37, 38] claim, that not only iron but also aluminium cation is involved in active centre leading to formation of Fe-O-Al complex. Oxidation of light paraffins over N_2O/Fe-ZSM-5 system results in oxydehydrogenation of alkanes and formation of olefins [68, 72, 80]. The possible mechanisms of N_2O decomposition in the presence of alkanes and ODH products, developed in the literature [58, 80-82], are presented. Propylene epoxidation, performed over transition metal cations (iron, vanadium and mixed system) modified molecular sieves, is also presented. Mainly all-silica mesoporous molecular sieves [91, 93, 94] and amorphous silica [7, 95, 96] characterised with very low acidity, show suitable properties as matrices for accomodation of transition metal cations.
9
Content available remote Nowe metody syntezy pigmentów ultramarynowych z użyciem zeolitów
EN
The natural ultramarine (lazurite, lapis lazuli) has been known and valued since the ancient times as semiprecious gem applied for jewelry, artistic works, decoration and painting. In Middle Ages it was used as excellent, but very expensive pigment. At the beginning of the nineteenth century a method of synthesis of artificial ultramarine has been discovered and it soon became a common inexpensive commercial product applied mostly for production of paints and as an optical brightener. The procedure included heating of the substrate mixtures (kaolin, sulfur, sodium carbonate, reducing agent) in kilns at high temperature (800°C). The technology of ultramarine production has not been substantially changed up to now, whereas the law regulations concerning environment protection imposed in the twentieth century could not accept a serious air pollution (SO2, H2S) always accompanying the production process. Therefore, searching for novel, environmentally friendly procedures becomes challenging. Ultramarine is an aluminosilicate with sodalite structure that contains sulfur anion-radicals (mostly •S3-) combined with Na+ cations embedded inside ?-cages. The sulfur radicals play a role of chromophores (•S3- blue, •S3- yellow). Sodalite is a zeolite and the sodalite units (?-cages) are constituents of structure of several zeolites (LTA, FAU, LTN, EMT). The use of zeolitic structures for encapsulation of sulfur anion radicals appeared very promising. The direct introduction of sulfur radicals from aprotic solutions of oligosulfides [27] was not successful but the thermal treatment of zeolites mixed with sulfur radical precursors (NaSn, S + alkalis) resulted in colored products analogous to ultramarine [24-26, 30, 31]. Zeolites A seem the most useful for preparation of sulfur pigments but other zeolites can be applied as well. The products of various colors (yellow, green blue and sometimes pinky) and shades can be obtained by choosing appropriate zeolite, radi-cal precursor, kind and content of alkaline cation in the initial mixture, temperature (400-800°C) and time of treatment. It was found that zeolite structure can be maintained upon the thermal treatment or it can be transformed (mostly towards SOD) under highly alkaline thermal treatment. The sulfur radicals can also be embedded inside smaller than ?-cages (e.g. CAN) which favors a generation of smaller radicals (i.e. •S2-) [39-42]. It is also possible to incorporate the sulfur compounds into zeolites during their crystallization and then a generation of radical upon heating. The sulfur pigments based on non aluminosilicate matrices (e.g. AlPO4-20) can be also obtained [38, 53]. Generally use of zeolites allows to obtain ultramarine-like pigments with broad range of colors under much milder than conventional conditions and with much lower emission of polluting agents.
PL
Oktaedryczne manganowe sita cząsteczkowe oraz manganowe materiały warstwowe charakteryzują się dużą powierzchnią właściwą, wysoką porowatością i stabilnością termiczną oraz aktywnością w wielu procesach fizykochemicznych. Z tego powodu znalazły się szerokie zastosowania jako sensory, adsorbenty, katalizatory oraz komponenty baterii.
PL
W początku lat 80. ukazały się pierwsze doniesienia pochodzące z Union Corporation w Tarrytown (USA) dotyczące nowej klasy sit cząsteczkowych nazywanych glinofosforanami i oznaczonymi skrótem AIPO4. Materiały te charakteryzowały się mikroporowatą strukturą krystaliczną utworzoną wskutek syntezy hydrotermalnej żelu glinofosforanowego w obecności organicznych templatów czyli tzw. czynników ukierunkowujących. W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe informacje dotyczące syntezy, struktury, tekstury oraz innych właściwości fizykochemicznych tych materiałów i ich pochodnych, takich jak krzemoglinofosforany i metaloglinofosforany.
PL
W początku lat 80. ukazały się pierwsze doniesienia pochodzące z Union Corporation w Tarrytown (USA) dotyczące nowej klasy sit cząsteczkowych nazywanych glinofosforanami i oznaczonymi skrótem AIPO4. Materiały te charakteryzowały się mikroporowatą strukturą krystaliczną utworzoną wskutek syntezy hydrotermalnej żelu glinofosforanowego w obecności organicznych templatów czyli tzw. czynników ukierunkowujących. W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe informacje dotyczące syntezy, struktury, tekstury oraz innych właściwości fizykochemicznych tych materiałów i ich pochodnych, takich jak krzemoglinofosforany i metaloglinofosforany.
PL
Scharakteryzowano konfiguracje reaktorów membranowych, które umożliwiają łączenie procesów chemicznych z rozdziałem mieszanin poprodukcyjnych. Uwzględniono w tej problematyce zarówno membrany katalityczne, jak i membrany współdziałające z konwencjonalnymi katalizatorami. Opisano różnorodne typy membran i przedstawiono warianty zastosowań reaktorów katalizy membranowej.
EN
Configurations of diaphragm reactors that allow integration of chemical processes with separation of pos-production mixtures have been characterised. The account has been taken in the subject matter of catalyst diaphragms and the diaphragms co-operating with conventional catalysts. Various types of diaphragms have been described and different alternations of application of diaphragm catalysis reactors.
14
Content available remote Oxygen-enriched air for internal combustion engine feeding
EN
The works carried out on combustion engine improvement are focused on increase of their efficiency, effective power, mass decrease, limiting of fuel consumption and reduction of toxicity and quantity of unwanted components of exhaust gases. The aim of these attempts is to satisfy the more and more rigorous regulations concerning environment protection. The basic method of power increase of engines concurrent with improvement of their characteristics lies in increase of a charge dose supplied to the cylinder. There are some ways to achieve this aim. One of this methods lies in increase of the coefficient of filling by growth of air density in the cylinder, another one is application of alternative fuels containing bigger amounts of oxygen compounds. There is still another method of increased oxygen dose as application of nitrogen suboxide N2O. The method up till now not used consists is supply of fuel air mixture enriched in oxygen. This permits to increase the engine power at concurrent decrease in emission of toxic components in exhaust gases. An evident positive of this method is the possibility of its application in automobile vehicles without lowering their traditional properties. Realization of this problem requires application of one of the two technologies of atmospheric oxygen separation. The first of these methods is oxygen separation by use of molecular sieves. This method is known as PSA method (Pressure Swing Adsorption). The other one makes use of oxygen separation from air by mines of membrane processes. There exists also a number of modifications of methods that base on molecular sieves – one of them being the ATF method ( Advanced Technology Fractionator) patented in the USA in 2004. All these methods are used to obtain oxygen applied in industrial processes. Apparatus used for medical purpose as well as the system know as OBOGS (On-Board Oxygen Generating) applied among others in aircraft F-16 for supply of pilot’s oxygen mask are an exception. In connection with the elaborated solution a patent application was made by the chief of the project consisting in adaptation of the ATF method to traction conditions. The carried investigations aim at checking the possibilities of engine power increase limit and influence of this increase on its mechanical and heat resistance and on exhaust gases toxicity. The results of these investigations will influence economical profitability of application of this method in the feeding system of automobile vehicles.
PL
W prezentowanych badaniach nowe modele klasy LBET zostały wykorzystane do identyfikacji doświadczalnych izoterm adsorpcji benzenu na sicie molekularnym MSC 5A. Zastosowane modele klasy LBET bazują na uogólnionej teorii BET nazwanej teorią uniBET, prezentowanej szerzej we wcześniejszych pracach zespołu autora. Otrzymane wyniki pokazują, że modele klasy LBET dają dobry wgląd w  proces adsorpcji i strukturę mikroporów oraz mogą być dopasowane do różnych danych adsorpcyjnych w szerokim zakresie ciśnień względnych. W szczególności modele klasy LBET dostarczają półilościowych informacji o strukturze porów, mechanizmie klasteryzacji cząsteczek adsorbatu i rozkładzie energii adsorpcji. Zaproponowane wielowariantowe dopasowywanie formuł LBET i analiza najlepiej dopasowanych izoterm dostarczają wiarygodnych informacji o głównych właściwościach układów adsorpcyjnych i uzupełniających informacji o mechanizmie adsorpcji, umożliwiając dzięki temu bardziej niezawodową ocenę struktury poru. Ponadto modele te są łatwe do wykorzystania w badaniu typowych izoterm adsorpcji.
EN
In the presented research the new LBET class models have been employed to identify empirical adsorption isotherms of benzene on molecular sieve MSC 5A. The used LBET class models are based on the generalized BET theory called uniBET, presented wider in the earlier papers of the author’s team. The obtained results show that the LBET class models give good insight into the adsorption process and structure of micropores and may be well fitted to different adsorption data in a wide relative pressure range. In particularly the LBET class models provide semiquantitative information on pore structure, adsorbate clusterisation mechanisms and surface energy distribution. The proposed multivariant fitting of the LBET formulas and analysis of a number of the best fitted variants provides reliable information on the main energetic properties of adsorption systems and complementary information on adsorption mechanisms, thus enabling for more reliable evaluation of a pore structure and they are easily applicable to examination of typical adsorption isotherms. The presented approach to examination of adsorbents of random porous structure may be viewed as an alternative to classical techniques and to more complicated methods of porous structure description.
EN
Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) represents a process for the purification and partial or complete separation of gas mixtures in a fixed bed of adsorbent by the use of pressure changes as a principal operation parameter. A process of oxygen separation from air in the commercial molecular sieve 5A was investigated by the use of classic PSA, i.e. a desorption step reduced pressure to the atmospheric level. The results were compared to the VPSA process in which a desorption step proceeded a vacuum one. In both cases the concentration of oxygen in the product reached 94-95%, but in the case of VPSA the 02 yield was much higher.
EN
The results of column investigations on adsorptive drying of liquid n-butanol on molecular sieves 4A have been presented. The experimental results were analyzed using the wave propagation theory and the Langmuir isotherm. On a basis of experimental and computation results the breakthrough curves have been estimated. The effects of mass-transfer resistances and axial dispersion on a shape of breakthrough curves have been presented and discussed.
PL
W publikacji przedstawiono metodykę obliczania stopnia regeneracji adsorbentu SR na podstawie badań równowag adsorpcji wody z n—butanolu w układzie ciekłym na zeolitowych sitach molekularnych typu 4A. Do weryfikacji obliczeń symulacyjnych wykorzystano własne dane eksperymentalne dla cyklicznego procesu adsorpcji prowadzonego w kolumnie z nieruchomym złożem.
EN
A method for calculating the adsorbent regeneration ratio, SR, based on batch equilibrium adsorption tests in A4 zeolite molecular sieves and for the water—n—butanol system is presented. The simulation results have been verified employing the experimental data obtained from cyclic adsorption process performed in a fixed bed column.
PL
Omówiono kierunki rozwoju technologii otrzymywania mezoporowatych sit molekularnych. Przedstawiono wyniki badań procesu otrzymywania mezoporowatych sit typu MMS oraz MCF określając parametry prowadzące do otrzymania materiałów o korzystnych właściwościach mikro i makrostrukturalnych.
EN
A new trends in preparation technology of mesoporous molecular sieves are discussed. Experimental results dealing with preparation of the MMS and MCF mesoporous sieves are presented. The parameters necessary to obtain materials with advantageous micro— and macrostructural properties have been determined
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