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Operational control over non-state proxies

Bryjka Filip

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2020

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Vol. 31, No. 4

191--210

EN

The intention of this paper is to clarify how state patrons control non-state proxy forces fighting on their behalf. In order to address the subject matter thoroughly, specific attention was paid to a number of questions including a) the criteria determining patronproxy relations, b) factors influencing the selection process of proxy forces, and c) principles governing the maximisation of potential benefits of using proxies, whilst simultaneously reducing risks and associated costs. The author applied a neo-realistic research paradigm to his work. Patron-proxy relations were presented in the context of the principal-agent theory, as well as through detailed analysis of ongoing scenarios involving Iran and Hezbollah, Russia and the Donbass separatists, Pakistan and Kashmiri militias, the US and Syrian rebels. The essence of war by proxy is to influence the strategic result of an armed conflict without direct, full-scale, military intervention. The use of non-state proxy, external actors is aimed at maximising their political goals and strategic interests whilst maintaining “plausible deniability”. By supporting non-state proxies, indirectly or by providing limited direct assistance, sponsors operate below the threshold of war. Empirical analysis of proxy war cases proves that such models may both guarantee “strategic victory” or become a “double-edged sword”. One of the key challenges for external powers engaged in war by proxy is to avoid unintended consequences (blowback). The author argues that elements such as ideology, ethnicity or religion do not necessarily ensure control over proxies, whilst the range of common goals and interests, and the level of the proxy’s dependency, are crucial.

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Irregular Warfare and Modern Defense – Counterinsurgency Operations

Denysiuk Irmina

Safety & Defense

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2020

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2

1--11

EN

Nowadays, there are a lot of dangers, not only those related to the military. Particular attention should be paid to the threat of guerrilla activity. Therefore, the aim of this article is to indicate the essence of contemporary guerrilla operations in conflicts, and their methods of operation that allow them to achieve their goals. It was also assumed that the modern crisis response operations, and especially COIN (counterinsurgency) operations, constitute a comprehensive approach to counteracting guerrilla activity.This article uses theoretical methods. Using the analysis and synthesis of materials and studies, the most important conclusions were pointed out. The leading role in prevention insurgency activities lies with the United Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and their crisis response operations. In the Strategic Concept NATO 2010 specialists are putting more attention to conducting counterinsurgency operations (COIN). COIN operations are nowadays the most comprehensive tool for combating guerrilla activity, which mainly hits the civilian population. The concepts of using the assumptions of anti-Partisan operations should be implemented on a full scale, including in the armed forces of the Republic of Poland. Particular attention should be paid to the threat of the guerrilla activity in conflicts. These problems are complex and they deal with many aspects (social, economic, cultural, political and many others). Moreover the partisans activities are irregular and they are often targeted at civilians. This article indicates the methods and techniques used by insurgents in the fight against the state / government. Reference has also been made to the activities that inhibit their activity - complex counterinsurgency operations.

3

The conflict in Ukraine : a new-generation warfare

Sobczak K.

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

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2018

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R. 8, Nr 14

303--314

EN

The aim of this paper is to illustrate the underlying concepts and characteristics of hybrid warfare – a new type of modern warfare utilising unconventional methods and “proxy wars” which involve national minorities, terrorist groups and local communities. The paper also describes the current capabilities of states to engage in new warfare without declaring war while using all resources available, and identifies the advanced disinformation and propaganda mechanisms employed to achieve political objectives. The paper further provides a background to the outbreak of war in Ukraine by highlighting the causes and consequences of Russia’s preparing for and launching the invasion of a European country in contravention of all international laws and agreements. The subject is dealt with comprehensively, from the annexation of Crimea to the destabilisation of south-eastern Ukraine by separatist military groups.

PL

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie idei oraz charakterystyki nowego rodzaju konfliktu zbrojnego, jakim jest wojna hybrydowa ‒ wojna niekonwencjonalna, nowoczesna, toczona przy wykorzystaniu mniejszości narodowych, ugrupowań terrorystycznych czy lokalnej społeczności, tzw. „wojna zastępcza”. Przybliżono zdolności prowadzenia nowoczesnych działań wojennych bez ich oficjalnego wypowiedzenia przy wykorzystaniu wszelkich dostępnych środków oraz zwrócono uwagę na wykorzystywanie zaawansowanych mechanizmów dezinformacji i propagandy do osiągania zakładanych celów politycznych. Następnie przedstawiono genezę zarzewia konfliktu i wybuchu wojny na Ukrainie poprzez uwypuklenie przyczyn i następstw przygotowania i przeprowadzenia łamiącej wszelkie prawa i umowy międzynarodowe inwazji na europejski kraj, poczynając od zaanektowania Półwyspu Krymskiego poprzez destabilizację południowo-wschodniej części Ukrainy przy wykorzystaniu separatystycznych ugrupowań bojowych.