Off-line models involving microstructural evolution are widely used in the steel industry to optimize process parameters. The models are generally based on empirical relationships, which are less succesful when applied to aluminium alloys. The reasons for this difference in usefulness are examined, and the development of physically based internal state variable models is discussed. The value of taking a multidisciplinary approach to the development of the next generation of models is argued on the basis of the complexity of modelling industrial processing.
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