Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Dialysis therapies: Investigation of transport and regulatory processes using mathematical modelling

Pstras Leszek, Stachowska-Pietka Joanna, Debowska Malgorzata, Pietribiasi Mauro, Poleszczuk Jan, Waniewski Jacek

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 42, no. 1

60--78

EN

Haemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) are the main kidney replacement therapies for patients with end-stage renal disease. Both of these life-sustaining therapies replace the key functions of the failing kidneys, i.e. the removal of the excess body water and waste products of metabolism as well as the restoration of fluid-electrolyte and acid-base balance. The dialysis-induced multi-scale transport and regulatory processes are complex and difficult to analyse or predict without the use of mathematical and computational models. Here, following a brief introduction to renal replacement therapies, we present an overview of the most important aspects and challenges of HD and PD, indicating the types and examples of mathematical models that are used to study or optimize these therapies. We discuss various compartmental models used for the study of intra- and interdialytic fluid and solute kinetics as well as distributed models of water and solute transport taking place across the peritoneal tissue or in the dialyzer. We also discuss models related to blood volume changes and cardiovascular stability during HD, including models of the thermal balance, likely related to intradialytic hypotension. A short overview of models of acid-base equilibration during HD and mineral metabolism in dialysis patients is also provided, along with a brief outline of models related to blood flow in arteriovenous fistulas and cardiovascular adaptations following the fistula creation. Finally, we discuss the model-based methods of assessment of dialysis adequacy in both HD and PD.

2

Oprogramowanie do wyznaczania kształtu impulsu napięciowego zasilającego silnik BLDC wykorzystujące metodę poszukiwana kukułczego

Knypiński Łukasz, Kuroczycki Sebastian, Kurzawa Milena

Poznan University of Technology Academic Journals. Electrical Engineering

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2021

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No. 106

17--29

PL

W pracy przedstawiono algorytm oraz oprogramowanie do wyznaczania kształtu impulsu napięciowego zasilającego pasma stojana bezszczotkowego silnika prądu stałego (BLDC). Aplikacja została napisana w języku Python 3.8. Składa się z dwóch niezależnych modułów: (a) procedury optymalizacyjnej oraz (b) modelu matematycznego silnika BLDC. Model matematyczny silnika wykorzystuje uproszczony model o parametrach skupionych. Efektywność metody poszukiwania kukułczego badano wyznaczając minimum globalne funkcji analitycznej. Porównano wyniki obliczeń symulacyjnych dla dwóch metod optymalizacji: (a) metody poszukiwania kukułczego oraz (b) metody wzorowanej na echolokacyjnym zachowaniu nietoperzy. Wyznaczono parametry impulsu napięciowego zapewniającego minimalizację współczynnika tętnień.

EN

In the paper an algorithm and computer software for determining the shape of the supply voltage waveform for a brushless DC motor (BLDC) was developed. The computer application was made in the Python 3.8. The software consists of two independent modules: (a) the optimization procedure and (b) the mathematical model of the BLDC motor. The mathematical model of device was based on lumped parameters. The optimization procedure contains the cuckoo search optimization algorithm. The performance of cuckoo search algorithm was compared with bat algorithm using Rosenbrock function. Finally the optimization procedure was applied to determining the supply waveform ensuring the minimization of torque ripple in BLDC motor.

3

Segmentary strategy in modeling of cardiovascular system with blood supply to regional skin

Li Zhongyou, Jiang Wentao, Diao Junjie, Chen Chong, Xu Kairen, Fan Haidong, Yan Fei

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 41, no. 4

1505--1517

EN

Objective: The focus of this study is to model the cardiovascular system (CS) involving regional skin blood flow (SBF) to gain new insights into the skin-CS relationship. Methods: A lumped parameter model with a series of electrical components was developed to model the CS involving SBF. Four parts were considered: the heart, arterial circulation, microcirculation (including the skin and other tissues), and the venous system. The model was validated based on previous publications. Additionally, the body surface was divided into seven blocks replaced by lumped resistances in this model, including the head, upper limbs and neck, chest and back, anterolateral abdomen, posterior abdomen, lower limbs, and buttocks. The SBF of each block was described using a weighted average method (relative ratio of cutaneous blood perfusion and regional body surface area) Results: Cardiodynamics characterized the properties of cardiac cycles, including isovolumic contraction, accelerated ejection, decelerated ejection, isovolumic diastole, and filling phases. Blood flow and pulse pressure in the arterial trunk declined and increased, respectively, from the aorta root to the distal portion, exhibiting normal cardiovascular properties. Accordingly, the blood pressure of the arterial branches attached to the arterial trunk also satisfied normal physiological characteristics; the blood flow of all the arterial branches exhibited good agreement with previous studies. Additionally, the modeled SBF of each region was consistent with the data from the weighted average method. Conclusion: This model effectively demonstrates the normal properties of the CS that involves regional SBF and may be promising in the prediction of the skin-CS relationship.

4

Prototyping an MR damper system

Trębacz P.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2018

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R. 94, nr 11

149--154

EN

Magnetorheological (MR) shock absorbers are semi-active devices based on smart fluids. The fluid when exposed to magnetic field undergoes a transition from a liquid to a pseudo-solid. The change is reversible and fast and it has made the material attractive for use in semi-active real-time systems for vibration reduction. At the same time designing a shock absorber is a complex process due to the multi-physics involved. In this paper the author shows an approach that can be used for virtual prototyping studies of MR flow-mode devices. Magnetostatic calculations are followed by time-harmonics analyses of the circuit of the valve. The analysis is then complemented by a parametric study of the controller-damper system subjected to regulated (commanded) current step inputs using a lumped parameter model of the MR valve.

PL

Tłumiki magnetoreologiczne (MR) należą do grupy semi-aktywnych urządzeń wykorzystującyc tzw. ciecze inteligentne. Ciecz magnetoreologiczna jest zawiesiną cząstek ferromagnetycznych I nalezy do grupy materiałów o sterowalnych właściwościach reologicznych. Ciecz MR umieszczona w polu magnetycznym zmianie zmienia lepkość pozorną. Zmiana ta jest szybka i odwracalna, a końcowy stan materiału zależy od natężenia pola magnetycznego. Dzięki temu materiały te znalazły zastosowanie w semi-aktywnych układach redukcji drgań. Zaprojektowanie tłumika MR o odpowiednich osiągach jest jednak zadaniem złożonym. W niniejszym artykule autor przedstawia koncepcję budowy modelu systemu MR obejmującego tłumik i regulator PWM. Na wybranym przykładzie przedstawiono wyniki obliczeń polowych magnetostatycznych i harmonicznych obwodu tłumika. Wyniki obliczeń posłużyły m.in. do budowy modelu obwodu sterującego tłumika o parametrach skupionych z regulatorem.

5

Numerical study of a two-way MR mount in squeeze-mode

Gołdasz J., Sapiński B.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Elektrotechnika

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2016

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Y. 113, iss. 2-E

29--40

EN

In the paper, the authors present the results of a numerical study of a magnetorheological (MR) damper prototype operating in the so-called squeeze mode. The analyzed prototype allows achieving a symmetrical response in both directions of piston motion. The authors show the results of magnetostatic analyses of the electro-magnetic circuit of the device and lumped parameter model using calculations of the control circuit and the damping force output.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki obliczeń prototypowej konstrukcji tłumika z cieczą MR działającej w trybie ściskania. Analizowany prototyp pozwala uzyskać identyczny zakres sił tłumienia w obu kierunkach ruchu. Autorzy prezentują osiągi tłumika oszacowane na podstawie obliczeń polowych oraz obliczeń z wykorzystaniem modelu o parametrach skupionych.

6

Study of flow-induced vibration phenomena in automotive shock absorbers

Sikora M.

Mechanics and Control

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2014

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Vol. 33, no. 2

58--64

EN

The purpose of this study was to develop a model of the dynamic behavior of a hydraulic vehicle double-tube shock absorber. The model accounts for the effects of compressibility, valve stiction, inertia, etc. and can be suitable for use in the analysis on flow-induced pressure fluctuations in the device. The author highlights all major variables to influence the output of the shock absorber, and then proceeds by performing a series of simulations using the developed model. The model is demonstrated to operate well in the large amplitude and low frequency range as well as the small amplitude and high frequency excitation operation regimes. The results are presented in the form of time histories of pressures in each fluid volume of the damper, flow rates through the valves, piston rod acceleration and force. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) graphs are presented, too, in order to identify the major components of the pressure fluctuation phenomena in the frequency domain.

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy jest zbudowanie modelu dwururowego tłumika hydraulicznego odzwierciedlającego dynamiczne zachowanie zaworu. Stworzony model uwzględnia szereg zjawisk takich jak ściśliwość cieczy, bezwładność, siłę potrzebną do rozsunięcia dwóch równoległych płaszczyzn, pomiędzy którymi znajduje się olej (tzw. siła lepienia) i inne. Pozwala to na symulacje zjawisk dynamicznych i badanie drgań wywołanych przepływem oleju. Zostały uwzględnione wszystkie najważniejsze zmienne wpływające na generowanie drgań. Model działa poprawnie zarówno w niskich, jak i wysokich częstotliwościach. Rezultaty przeprowadzonych symulacji zostały przedstawione w postaci przebiegów czasowych ciśnienia, natężenia przepływu przez zawory oraz przyśpieszenia tłoczyska tłumika. Na wykresach częstotliwościowych widoczne są najważniejsze składowe obserwowanych drgań.

7

Role and applications of circulatory models in cardiovascular pathophysiology

Ferrari G., Kozarski M., De Lazzari C., Górczyńska K., Pałko K. J., Zieliński K., Di Molfetta A., Darowski M.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2009

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Vol. 29, no. 4

3-24

EN

Circulatory models are relevant for research, education and testing of prosthetic devices/components. Independently of its structure that can be numerical, physical or hybrid the models can be used in different areas of cardiovascular pathophysiology. However, the models are often used to reproduce specific circulatory conditions instead of being used as 'systemic' tools. That is to say, the models are used to evaluate the global effects of external disturbances such as pathologies, therapies, special environments or surgery on the circulatory system. Aim of this paper is to illustrate a family of circulatory models developed to represent the whole circulatory system in pathophysiological conditions describing some of the possible applications.

8

Open loop hybrid circulatory model: the effect of the arterial lumped parameter loading structure on selected ventricular and circulatory variables

Kozarski M., Ferrari G., Zieliński K., Górczyńska K., Pałko K. J., Tokarz A., Darowski M.

Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 28, no. 1

17-27

EN

Different combinations of the artero-ventricular coupling design (numerical, physical and hybrid) and the arterial system structure (four-element standard, simplified, modified and three-element three-lump "ladder" Windkessel) have been applied in an open loop circulatory model to test their influence on selected ventricular and circulatory variables. Numerical investigations have shown that a four-element Windkessel with an introduced in series lumped inertance can evoke some numerical problems e.g. when combined with the simplified ventricular model containing "ideal" zero switching time heart valves or constant valve resistance during opening. The four-element Windkessel structure modification i.e. replacing the in series inertance by the parallel one, considerably improves the network match. Also the three-element three-lump "ladder" Windkessel has been found very useful in the blood circulation modelling thanks to relatively small input inertance and high input capacitance of its first lump.