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1

Świadczenia na rzecz podnoszenia potencjału obronnego państwa

Sitek R.

Wiedza Obronna

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2018

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nr 1-2

198--222

PL

Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej nakłada na obywateli szereg ciężarów publicznych. Jednym z nich są świadczenia, które obywatele mogą ponosić na rzecz obronności państwa. Nie ma obowiązku wykonywania świadczeń, jeżeli nie zostaną one nałożone w sposób określony właściwymi aktami prawnym. W tym sensie mają one charakter fakultatywny, nie obligatoryjny. Dopiero z chwilą nałożenia tego ciężaru na obywateli przybierają charakter obligatoryjny. Ich użycie zależy od tego jakimi siłami i środkami dysponuje dana jednostka organizacyjna, jakie są jej potrzeby uzupełnieniowe. Świadczeniami jakie mogą być wykorzystane w ramach powszechnego obowiązku obrony będą świadczenia osobiste, rzeczowe oraz szczególne. Mogą być nakładane w czasie pokoju do wykonywania zadań w tym stanie państwa jak i w czasie pokoju z przeznaczeniem na czas mobilizacji i wojny oraz w razie ogłoszenia mobilizacji i w czasie wojny. Celem nałożenia tego ciężaru publicznego jest zwiększenie potencjału jednostek organizacyjnych, na rzecz których mają być one wykonywane. Główną rolę w procesie nakładania obowiązku świadczeń odgrywają terenowe organy administracji wojskowej – wojskowi komendanci uzupełnień i samorząd terytorialny szczebla gminy – wójt, burmistrz (prezydent miasta). Wykorzystanie świadczeń w ramach powszechnego obowiązku obrony powinno się cechować przede wszystkim racjonalnością ich wykorzystania.

EN

The Constitution of the Republic of Poland imposes a number of public burdens on the citizens. One of them is the benefits that citizens can bear for the defense of the state. There is no obligation to provide benefits if they are not imposed in the manner specified by the relevant legislation. In this sense, they are optional, not obligatory. It is only obligatory when the burden is imposed on citizens. The organizational unit that has its complementary needs has its resources. Benefits that may be used under the general duty of defense will be personal, material and special. They can be applied to perform tasks in this state as well as in time of peace for mobilization and war, and if mobilization is announced and during the war. The purpose of imposing this burden on the public is to increase the capacity of the organizational units for which they are to be exercised. The local authorities of the military administration – the military commanders of the supplements and the local government of the commune – play the role of mayor, the mayor (city president). The use of benefits under the universal duty of defense should be characterized primarily by the rationality of their use. In cases where the tasks will require the launch of benefits, then their potential should be reached. This should be done in such a way that the amount of benefits, such as those necessary for carrying out the tasks, is activated. The image of benefits should be disseminated in the education of citizens. The essence is that the benefits are not perceived by the citizen as a “necessary evil” but as an effective means to counteract any threat that may arise, while recognizing that benefits are a great potential for state defense. In society, it should be understood as an institution that aims to preserve and maintain longterm national security.

2

Wpływ materii organicznej na zmiany rozpuszczalności metali ciężkich w glebach zanieczyszczonych w świetle literatury

Cuske M., Karczewska A.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Środowiska / Uniwersytet Zielonogórski

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2016

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nr 162 (42)

39--59

PL

Artykuł przedstawia przegląd literatury poświęconej problematyce wpływu materii organicznej na zmiany rozpuszczalności metali ciężkich w glebach zanieczyszczonych. W procesach remediacji powszechnie stosuje się różne rodzaje materii organicznej w celu zwiększenia zdolności sorpcyjnej gleb i immobilizacji metali, jednak często opisywane są niepożądane efekty polegające na wzroście rozpuszczalności metali w wyniku zastosowania takich dodatków organicznych, jak węgiel brunatny, nawozy organiczne, osady ściekowe, komposty i biowęgiel. Tym doniesieniom poświęcono szczególną uwagę. Omówiono także tematykę zagrożeń związanych z formowaniem się i dekompozycją ściółek na zalesionych obszarach zdegradowanych.

EN

The article presents a critical review of literature focused on the influence of organic matter on the changes in solubility of heavy metals in contaminated soils. Various kinds of organic matter are commonly used in remediation processes in order to increase soil sorption capacity and to immobilize heavy metals. Several papers reported, however, unwished-for effects of those measures, that involved an increase in the solubility of metals caused by application of organic amendments, including brown coal (lignite), organic fertilizers, sewage sludge, composts, and biochar. This review focuses particularly on such effects. Additionally, the hazards associated with formation and decomposition of forest litter in degraded areas after their forestation, have also been discussed.

3

The creation of “questions bank” and introduction of 2.0. Examination session

Filip A., Dragan P.

Information Systems in Management

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2015

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Vol. 4, No. 4

241--250

EN

In the Institute of American Studies and Polish Diaspora Jagiellonian University, with the support of the Distance Learning Centre at the Jagiellonian University was introduced an innovative method of examination based on empowering the students. During the 2014 session, the students were invited to create test questions. Accepted by the lecturer questions were used on the exam. Extensive “Questions Bank” may be used in subsequent examinations 2.0. The authors of the paper present practical advice on how to prepare and carry out such an examination. They share know how of practical suggestions from pedagogical to technical aspect of moving from teaching to learning while using the idea of Questions Bank. They discuss the impact on the motivation and creativity of students, the principles of achievement and assessment, methods of verifying the content of the questions and technical measures to make questions and hindering cheating. The use of innovative methods of preparing and conducting the exam based on the Questions Bank had a positive impact on the mobilization and involvement of students, which resulted in a very good performance evaluation questionnaires of the lecturer.

4

Zastosowanie surfaktantów niejonowych do usuwania zanieczyszczeń chloroorganicznych z gleby

Pastewski S., Potkańska M., Mędrzycka K.

Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna

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2009

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Nr 5

88-89

PL

Zbadano solubilizację micelarną tetrachloroetylenu w roztworach al-kilopoliglukozydów (Triton BG10 i AG (>210). Przeprowadzono procesy przemywania gleby zanieczyszczonej tetrachloroetylenera przy użyciu roztworów alkilopoliglukozydów oraz oksyetylenowanych alkoholi (Rokanole NL5, NL6, NL8, L7, L10). Określono wpływ hydrofilowości surfaktantu i jego stężenia na efektywność przemywania gleby.

EN

Micellar solubilization of tetrachloroethylene in solutions of alkylpoly-glucosides (Triton BG10, AC 6210) and ability of alkylpolyglucosides and polyethoxylated alcohols (Rokaiiol NL5, NL6, NL8, L7, L10) for removal of tetrachloroethylene from soil were investigated. Influence of hydrophilicity of surfactants and their concentration in solution on washing efficiency was investigated.

5

Koncepcja tworzenia i wykorzystania Narodowych Sił Rezerwowych

Wojnarowski J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2006

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nr 1(62)

216-226

EN

Problems connected with creating and using national reserve forces make up an important element of mobilisation preparation in a country. Shaping human capital as each country has at its disposal, armed forces including, should be based on clear and satisfying legal provisions/ that on the one hand enable creating national reserve forces, on the other, create conditions to their effective use in the defence of the state. Current challenge relating to a widely understood human resources management is treated equally to capital, information and production means’ management. The need of management re-orientation results from the changes taking place in the armed forces’ environment such as new technologies in armament and equipment, growing citizens’ awareness (of conscripts, professional soldiers and reservists) and also the information systems influence, including such global systems as the Internet. One of the appropriate concepts meeting the new requirements of the armed forces organisation is the concept which assumes that people are the most valuable resource of the armed forces and the defence of the state and their effective management should be defined by the mission, aim and strategy of creating national reserve forces. A special moment taking place now, full integration with NATO and EU structures and procedures and also work on strategic vision of the Polish Armed Forces’ development after their strategic review, including decreasing personnel and essential changes in the professional cadre internal structure, have clearly proven the need to undertake conceptual work on creating national reserve forces in the context of fulfilling defence obligations. The noticeable dynamism of all events’ development shows the need to continue this activity, particularly in the “cost - effect” area while creating national reserve forces.

6

Determinanty wpływające na sprawność zarządzania mobilizacją sił zbrojnych RP. Cz. 1

Wojnarowski J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2003

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nr 2(51)

245-255

EN

The article defines criteria to evaluate the effectiveness of mobilisation system basing on such effectiveness determinants concerning effectiveness understood as the evaluation how effectively the task is accomplished, economics expressed in how much rational the actions are to achieve measurable effects and operation ethics of people who create the system. The analysis of the system environment has been conducted taking into consideration the challenges and possibilities that appear while realising the task, binding laws and social and economic factors. The analysis of the surrounding cannot be carried out without taking into account great threats that appear nowadays and significantly influence the shape and possibilities of the armed forces mobilisation system.