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PL
Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej nakłada na obywateli szereg ciężarów publicznych. Jednym z nich są świadczenia, które obywatele mogą ponosić na rzecz obronności państwa. Nie ma obowiązku wykonywania świadczeń, jeżeli nie zostaną one nałożone w sposób określony właściwymi aktami prawnym. W tym sensie mają one charakter fakultatywny, nie obligatoryjny. Dopiero z chwilą nałożenia tego ciężaru na obywateli przybierają charakter obligatoryjny. Ich użycie zależy od tego jakimi siłami i środkami dysponuje dana jednostka organizacyjna, jakie są jej potrzeby uzupełnieniowe. Świadczeniami jakie mogą być wykorzystane w ramach powszechnego obowiązku obrony będą świadczenia osobiste, rzeczowe oraz szczególne. Mogą być nakładane w czasie pokoju do wykonywania zadań w tym stanie państwa jak i w czasie pokoju z przeznaczeniem na czas mobilizacji i wojny oraz w razie ogłoszenia mobilizacji i w czasie wojny. Celem nałożenia tego ciężaru publicznego jest zwiększenie potencjału jednostek organizacyjnych, na rzecz których mają być one wykonywane. Główną rolę w procesie nakładania obowiązku świadczeń odgrywają terenowe organy administracji wojskowej – wojskowi komendanci uzupełnień i samorząd terytorialny szczebla gminy – wójt, burmistrz (prezydent miasta). Wykorzystanie świadczeń w ramach powszechnego obowiązku obrony powinno się cechować przede wszystkim racjonalnością ich wykorzystania.
EN
The Constitution of the Republic of Poland imposes a number of public burdens on the citizens. One of them is the benefits that citizens can bear for the defense of the state. There is no obligation to provide benefits if they are not imposed in the manner specified by the relevant legislation. In this sense, they are optional, not obligatory. It is only obligatory when the burden is imposed on citizens. The organizational unit that has its complementary needs has its resources. Benefits that may be used under the general duty of defense will be personal, material and special. They can be applied to perform tasks in this state as well as in time of peace for mobilization and war, and if mobilization is announced and during the war. The purpose of imposing this burden on the public is to increase the capacity of the organizational units for which they are to be exercised. The local authorities of the military administration – the military commanders of the supplements and the local government of the commune – play the role of mayor, the mayor (city president). The use of benefits under the universal duty of defense should be characterized primarily by the rationality of their use. In cases where the tasks will require the launch of benefits, then their potential should be reached. This should be done in such a way that the amount of benefits, such as those necessary for carrying out the tasks, is activated. The image of benefits should be disseminated in the education of citizens. The essence is that the benefits are not perceived by the citizen as a “necessary evil” but as an effective means to counteract any threat that may arise, while recognizing that benefits are a great potential for state defense. In society, it should be understood as an institution that aims to preserve and maintain longterm national security.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia przegląd literatury poświęconej problematyce wpływu materii organicznej na zmiany rozpuszczalności metali ciężkich w glebach zanieczyszczonych. W procesach remediacji powszechnie stosuje się różne rodzaje materii organicznej w celu zwiększenia zdolności sorpcyjnej gleb i immobilizacji metali, jednak często opisywane są niepożądane efekty polegające na wzroście rozpuszczalności metali w wyniku zastosowania takich dodatków organicznych, jak węgiel brunatny, nawozy organiczne, osady ściekowe, komposty i biowęgiel. Tym doniesieniom poświęcono szczególną uwagę. Omówiono także tematykę zagrożeń związanych z formowaniem się i dekompozycją ściółek na zalesionych obszarach zdegradowanych.
EN
The article presents a critical review of literature focused on the influence of organic matter on the changes in solubility of heavy metals in contaminated soils. Various kinds of organic matter are commonly used in remediation processes in order to increase soil sorption capacity and to immobilize heavy metals. Several papers reported, however, unwished-for effects of those measures, that involved an increase in the solubility of metals caused by application of organic amendments, including brown coal (lignite), organic fertilizers, sewage sludge, composts, and biochar. This review focuses particularly on such effects. Additionally, the hazards associated with formation and decomposition of forest litter in degraded areas after their forestation, have also been discussed.
EN
In the Institute of American Studies and Polish Diaspora Jagiellonian University, with the support of the Distance Learning Centre at the Jagiellonian University was introduced an innovative method of examination based on empowering the students. During the 2014 session, the students were invited to create test questions. Accepted by the lecturer questions were used on the exam. Extensive “Questions Bank” may be used in subsequent examinations 2.0. The authors of the paper present practical advice on how to prepare and carry out such an examination. They share know how of practical suggestions from pedagogical to technical aspect of moving from teaching to learning while using the idea of Questions Bank. They discuss the impact on the motivation and creativity of students, the principles of achievement and assessment, methods of verifying the content of the questions and technical measures to make questions and hindering cheating. The use of innovative methods of preparing and conducting the exam based on the Questions Bank had a positive impact on the mobilization and involvement of students, which resulted in a very good performance evaluation questionnaires of the lecturer.
5
Content available Narodowe Siły Rezerwowe na potrzeby armii zawodowej
PL
W artykule przedstawiono podstawy prawno – organizacyjne koncepcji funkcjonowania Narodowych Sił Rezerwowych (NSR). Autor wskazuje problemy, które mogą decydować o sprawności działania ochotniczej służby w rezerwie. W artykule określono koncepcje funkcjonowania NSR w warunkach armii zawodowej. Wzorem innych państw sojuszniczych w Siłach Zbrojnych RP przystąpiono do tworzenia Narodowych Sił Rezerwowych w nowych uwarunkowaniach organizacyjno-prawnych, finansowych i społecznych naszego państwa. Koncepcja funkcjonowania NSR zawarta w ustawie o powszechnym obowiązku obrony RP jest efektem finalnym dotychczasowych prac związanych z realizacją ochotniczej służby w rezerwie. Autor analizując koncepcje NSR wskazuje na brak precyzyjnych i jasnych zasad ich funkcjonowania. Wskazuje również jak powinien przebiegać proces wdrożenia, funkcjonowania oraz szkolenia NSR w SZ RP. Przedstawia także kluczowe problemy w zakresie działania NSR takie jak podstawy prawne, system motywacyjny dla żołnierzy rezerwy i pracodawców aż w końcu odpowiednie struktury organizacyjne odpowiedzialne za całokształt funkcjonowania tej formy służby w rezerwie.
EN
The article “National Reserve Force for Professional Armed Forces” presents the legal and organisational basis for the concept of the National Reserve Force. The author specifies the issues that may have a bearing on the efficiency of the volunteer reserve service. The article depicts the different concepts according to which the National Reserve Force should function within professional armed forces. Like other allied countries, the Polish Armed Forces have commenced to create the National Reserve Force under new legal, organisational, financial and socials conditions of our country. The concept of NRF included in the Act on the general defence obligation of the Republic of Poland is the final effect of the efforts so far related to the voluntary reserve service. The author, by analysing of the NSR concept, indicates that there are no precise and clear rules specifying how they should function. He also shows how the process of implementation, functioning and training of NRF should be carried out. He also presents the key issues pertaining to NRF, such as the legal basis, the system of motivating reserve soldiers and employers, and the appropriate organisational structures responsible for the overall functioning of this reserve force.
PL
Zbadano solubilizację micelarną tetrachloroetylenu w roztworach al-kilopoliglukozydów (Triton BG10 i AG (>210). Przeprowadzono procesy przemywania gleby zanieczyszczonej tetrachloroetylenera przy użyciu roztworów alkilopoliglukozydów oraz oksyetylenowanych alkoholi (Rokanole NL5, NL6, NL8, L7, L10). Określono wpływ hydrofilowości surfaktantu i jego stężenia na efektywność przemywania gleby.
EN
Micellar solubilization of tetrachloroethylene in solutions of alkylpoly-glucosides (Triton BG10, AC 6210) and ability of alkylpolyglucosides and polyethoxylated alcohols (Rokaiiol NL5, NL6, NL8, L7, L10) for removal of tetrachloroethylene from soil were investigated. Influence of hydrophilicity of surfactants and their concentration in solution on washing efficiency was investigated.
PL
Zarządzanie rezerwami osobowymi jest głównym etapem procesu zabezpieczenia mobilizacji, a celem tego procesu jest uzupełnienie sił zbrojnych w czasie mobilizacji i wojny Żołnierzami posiadającymi kwalifikacje zgodne z potrzebami, rozumianymi jako zgodność specjalności wojskowych i funkcji posiadanych przez żołnierzy rezerwy oraz wymogów wiekowych, w stosunku do złożonych zapotrzebowań.
8
Content available remote Koncepcja tworzenia i wykorzystania Narodowych Sił Rezerwowych
EN
Problems connected with creating and using national reserve forces make up an important element of mobilisation preparation in a country. Shaping human capital as each country has at its disposal, armed forces including, should be based on clear and satisfying legal provisions/ that on the one hand enable creating national reserve forces, on the other, create conditions to their effective use in the defence of the state. Current challenge relating to a widely understood human resources management is treated equally to capital, information and production means’ management. The need of management re-orientation results from the changes taking place in the armed forces’ environment such as new technologies in armament and equipment, growing citizens’ awareness (of conscripts, professional soldiers and reservists) and also the information systems influence, including such global systems as the Internet. One of the appropriate concepts meeting the new requirements of the armed forces organisation is the concept which assumes that people are the most valuable resource of the armed forces and the defence of the state and their effective management should be defined by the mission, aim and strategy of creating national reserve forces. A special moment taking place now, full integration with NATO and EU structures and procedures and also work on strategic vision of the Polish Armed Forces’ development after their strategic review, including decreasing personnel and essential changes in the professional cadre internal structure, have clearly proven the need to undertake conceptual work on creating national reserve forces in the context of fulfilling defence obligations. The noticeable dynamism of all events’ development shows the need to continue this activity, particularly in the “cost - effect” area while creating national reserve forces.
9
Content available remote Świadczenia na rzecz obrony
10
Content available remote Microspheric hydrogel polymers as effective drug delivery systems
EN
The sorption-desorption properties of hydrophilic polymer particles on basis of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate with polyyinylpirrolidone in relation to methylene blue and carbamazine were investigated. The correlation of synthesis condition, structure and properties of copolymers has been determined.
PL
Przeprowadzono badania właściwości sorbcyjno-desorbcyjnych kopolimerów hydrofilowych w postaci cząstek sferycznych na osnowie 2-hydroksymetakrylanu etylenu a poliwinylopirolidonu w stosunku do metylenowego niebieskiego i karbamazynu. Ustalono wpływ warunków syntezy na strukturę i badane właściwości syntezowanych kopolimerów.
EN
The article defines criteria to evaluate the effectiveness of mobilisation system basing on such effectiveness determinants concerning effectiveness understood as the evaluation how effectively the task is accomplished, economics expressed in how much rational the actions are to achieve measurable effects and operation ethics of people who create the system. The analysis of the system environment has been conducted taking into consideration the challenges and possibilities that appear while realising the task, binding laws and social and economic factors. The analysis of the surrounding cannot be carried out without taking into account great threats that appear nowadays and significantly influence the shape and possibilities of the armed forces mobilisation system.
EN
The article outlines criteria to evaluate the mobilisation system effectiveness taking into consideration such determinants which concern mainly conditions of the effectiveness to achieve a goal; economics expressed in rationality of actions leading to gain measurable effects and the activities ethics of people who create the system. The analysis of the system’s surrounding has been carried out taking into account contemporary challenges and opportunities to be accomplished while considering the binding laws and social and political factors. The analysis of the surrounding has to include enormous threats that essentially influence the armed forces mobilisation system.
13
Content available remote Czynniki wpływające na powiększenie sił zbrojnych w czasie kryzysu i wojny
EN
The article deals with the purpose and functions of mobilisation and recruitment system that constitutes an instrument to multiply armed forces in crisis and wartime and assumes to influence quantitave, qualitative and organisational changes. Elements, assumptions, principles, standards and characteristics of mobilisation - recruitment system are presented further. The article also mentions the problem of mobilisation - recruitment system functioning in peacetime, crisis and wartime and factors influencing its proper performance are described.
14
Content available remote Problem mobilizacji przemysłu wojennego w Polsce w latach 1921-1926
EN
The First World War experiences and also forecast common character of future armed fighting caused the necessity to pay a special attention to engaging national economy for war production. The military authorities undertook serious planning in this area resulted in many achievements such as Ordre de Bataille of detailed war industry, including at the beginning of 1926 almost 200 private companies, military ones and general Ordre de Bataille excluding, embracing about 500 production works that had guaranteed „reliefs from the military in case of mobilisation to advertise their employees”. A number of initiatives conducted by the military authorities, however, could not be implemented due to the lack of legal solutions, standards and laws, which would allow to grasp the war industry mobilisation problem as an enity. A weak point of the developed in the early twenties war industry mobilisation plan was to base it on war materiel demand, exceeding greatly Polish Industry production possibilities.
15
Content available remote Wyznaczniki Systemu Mobilizacyjnego Sił Zbrojnych. Cz. 2
EN
This part deals with determinants of the armed forces mobilisation system in a methodological approach. It begins with a precise definition of the mobilisation task and its environment. Next the armed forces mobilisation system and its four components (coherence, flexibility, reliability, absorptiveness) are described. The structure of mobilisation system has been broadly presented. The right functioning of the armed forces mobilisation system will depend on material support. This issue has been only touched on in connection to national economy possibilities. The article concludes with the discussion on two basic ways of the armed forces mobilisation deployment-gradual and alarm (emergence) ones depending on the scale of political-military conflict growth.
16
Content available remote Uzupełnianie wojsk lądowych w czasie wojny
EN
In order to keep the military units replacements level appropriate to operational tasks performed by troops on a battlefield, they are replaced with soldiers, transport means and other equipment adequate to the losses suffered in the course of combat actions. Replacement of land forces operational, tactical and individual units takes place in the framework of land forces replacement system. The article presents general assumptions of this system, elements creating its organisation structure, rules and principles of functioning and the organisation of commanding the land forces replacements. This article should be helpful in staff and military units’ cadre training, the students of National Defence University in particular.
17
Content available remote Teoretyczne podstawy systemu mobilizacyjnego sił zbrojnych RP. Cz. 1
EN
The article consists of two parts. The first one presents the idea of armed forces in peacetime and factors conditioning their preparation to mobilisation deployment in case of war. The author starts his considerations on the armed forces mobilisation system from the definition of a system and its components. A special attention has been paid to principles of the armed forces mobilisation system: the principle of centralised mobilisation activity; keeping the state of mobilisation readiness of the armed forces; the principle of a cyclic reserve soldiers training; territorial collection of human resources; the principle of confidentiality of mobilisation preparations in the armed forces. The idea of the system and legal bases of its functioning in peacetime have been discussed.
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