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Features of the fortifications of the Bilsk settlement of the 7th and 4th centuries BC

Trehubov Kostiantyn, Trehubova Oksana, Zosim Stanislav

Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych

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2019

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T. 15, nr 2

60--67

EN

The article deals with the defensive system of the Bilsk settlement of the 7th and 4th centuries BC. The peculiarities of the formation and development of the fortifications of the Western, Eastern, Kuzemyn and the Great Bilsk hillforts are investigated.

2

Początki obwarowań miejskich na Dolnym Śląsku w świetle najnowszych badań

Kastek Tomasz A.

Architectus

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2019

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Nr 1 (57)

113--127

PL

W artykule ujęto problematykę najstarszych, XIII-wiecznych, obwarowań ziemnych odkrywanych we Wrocławiu, Głogowie czy Namysłowie w postaci wału ziemno-piaszczysto-faszynowego wraz z fosą. Przedstawiono temat obwarowań ziemnych słabo identyfikowanych w terenie, których istnienie wiązać można (lub nawet należy) z najstarszymi lokacjami miejskimi. Wieloletnie badania archeologiczne i studyjne autora artykułu, podczas których odkrywane były pozostałości wałów ziemnych lewobrzeżnego Wrocławia, ukazują istnienie analogicznych konstrukcji w innych miastach. Konstrukcja odkrywanych nasypów ziemnych i fos oraz ich stratygrafia w stosunku do późniejszych murowanych obwodów obronnych wskazują, że były to konstrukcje, które w pierwszym etapie funkcjonowania stanowiły granicę nowo lokowanego miasta. W kolejnym etapie ich zagospodarowywania pojawiała się drewniana palisada, częstokół, które pełniły funkcję pierwszych obwarowań miejskich. Zdarzały się miasta, w których nigdy nie powstał murowany obwód obronny poza samymi miejskimi bramami, jak np. w Świerzawie czy Kijowie.

EN

The article presents the problems of the oldest, 13th-century, earth fortifications discovered in Wrocław, Głogów and Namysłów, the form of an earth-sand-fascine rampart with a moat. The article introduces the subject of earth fortifications, poorly identified in the area, and the existence of which one can or should associate with the oldest municipal locations. The author of the article’s years of archaeological and study researches of, during which remains of earth ramparts of left-bank Wrocław were discovered, show the existence of analogous structures in other cities. The construction of the discovered earth ramparts and moats, as well as their stratigraphy in relation to the later brick defensive circumferences indicate that they were structures which constituted the boundary of the newly located town in the first stage of operation. In the next stage of their development, there was a wooden palisade, a fence, which served as the first town fortifications. There were cities in which there was never a brick defense circuit besides the city gates, such as in Świerzawa or Kiev.

3

Wpływ uwarunkowań geośrodowiskowych i antropogenicznych na obecność historycznych zanieczyszczeń w podłożu klasztoru ss. Bernardynek w Krakowie

Wardas-Lasoń M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2016

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Vol. 64, nr 4

262--274

EN

The substrate in the area of the monastery of Bernardine Sisters was analyzed based on 7 small-diameter profiled mechanical holes drilled in order to determine the structure and lithology of the area and archaeological stratigraphic sequence. Based on this research, a system of archaeological strata and the presence of objects such as wall remains, and especially the relicts of the medieval drainage ditch “moat”, was established. It was assessed whether the geoenvironmental conditions are conducive to pollution occurrence and accumulation. Its major source was the Municipal Great Scales on the Main Market Square of Kraków, which functioned in the Middle Ages. To verify this thesis the indexes of sediment coming from the historical “moat” were determined (pH, Eh, EC, LOI). Similar studies were carried out to the level of “calec” for the substrate of the Monastery, erected in its vicinity. In the lithologically recognized and archaeologically interpreted layers of earth, heavy metals content was determined to distinguish anthropogenic factors and geoenvironmental conditions of the contaminants. The pollution assessment was made on the basis of a comparative analysis of the land quality, especially in the areas of silt occurrence, also in relation to the current environmental standards.

4

Georadar investigations and geochemical analysis in contemporary archeological studies

Łyskowski M., Wardas-Lasoń M.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2012

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Vol. 38, no. 3

307--315

EN

Archeological studies require a precise and interdisciplinary approach. Use of the noninvasive methods in urban area investigations is expected because they do not result in any changes in land architecture plans. Very good combination fulfilling such demands are geochemical analyses of: pH, Eh, conductivity and heavy metals concentrations in soils and the results of the ground penetrating radar method. These methods allow for a more precise selection of places of interest and can be also used for a more accurate calibration and better interpretation of subsequent results. Proposed methodology gives good final results thanks to complementarity of each method and can be used under variable conditions.

5

Stratygrafia osadów fosy i strefy krawędziowej na stanowisku archeologicznym w Bruszczewie jako rezultat jego użytkowania w pradziejach

Hildebrandt-Radke I.

Landform Analysis

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2011

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Vol. 16

81-86

EN

Archaeological and geomorphologic research conducted on the archaeological site in Bruszczewo, indicates most of the cultural layers and archaeological objects to be dated back to the Early Bronze Period. Such is also the dating of the oldest colluvial deposits there. Second phase of relief transformations and sedimentary deposition is connected with the Lusatian stage of the site exploitation in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. Layers dated back to these periods can be observed in the moat, in the edge zone of the site as well as in the peatbog zone. Most of the material related to this stage of the settlement exploitation is deposited in the unearthed Lusatian moat. Third stage - the medieval settlement of the site - is well-known mainly for its mixed colluvial sediments. They contain cultural material from different periods, and were transported and deposited in modern times. Fourth phase of the area exploitation - agrotechnical denudation - is marked with the layer of colluvia of the widest spatial range, covering the deposits of peatbog plain. These sediments are linked to regular cultivation within the archaeological site.

6

Naprawa kanału fosy miejskiej we Wrocławiu

Kamińska-Łobodziec K., Łobodziec P., Szczepański T.

Inżynieria Bezwykopowa

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2006

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nr 3

44-47