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1

Parametric analysis of conductive coupling of transmission line tower grounding and pipeline in multilayer soil

Markovski Blagoja, Grcev Leonid, Gjorgievski Vladimir, Velkovski Bodan, Markovska Dimitrovska Marija

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2023

|

R. 99, nr 7

223-226

EN

Faults in electric power system may give rise of coating stress voltages on nearby pipelines due to mutual electromagnetic coupling. To prevent hazardous situations, accurate modelling of the electromagnetic interactions between such systems is required. In this paper, we perform parametric analysis of the effects of multilayer soil and of the effectiveness of different mitigation techniques in reducing coating stress voltages on a short pipeline section due to conductive coupling. Analyses are performed using full-wave electromagnetic model, based on the method of moments.

PL

Awarie w systemie elektroenergetycznym mogą powodować wzrost napięć naprężeniowych powłok na pobliskich rurociągach w wyniku wzajemnego sprzężenia elektromagnetycznego. Aby zapobiegać niebezpiecznym sytuacjom, wymagane jest dokładne modelowanie oddziaływań elektromagnetycznych między takimi systemami. W tym artykule przeprowadzamy analizę parametryczną wpływu wielowarstwowego gruntu i skuteczności różnych technik łagodzenia w zmniejszaniu napięć naprężeń powłoki na krótkim odcinku rurociągu z powodu sprzężenia przewodzącego. Analizy przeprowadzane są z wykorzystaniem pełnofalowego modelu elektromagnetycznego, opartego na metodzie momentów.

2

The Role of Education and Innovation in Renewable Energy Consumption in OECD and BRICS Countries

Li Junrong, Rehman Abid, Khan Jamal

Problemy Ekorozwoju

|

2023

|

Vol. 18, nr 2

102--110

EN

Extreme climatic catastrophes and increasing emission levels demonstrate that humanity and nature are in confrontation. In this situation, the responsibility falls on intellectuals who engage in critical thinking, research, and innovation, propose solutions to problems, and bring society together to pursue a common goal. The present study assesses the role of education and Innovation in climate change mitigation in OECD and BRICS countries, where the use of renewable energy and decreasing the use of non-renewable energy are considered climate change mitigation strategies. The GMM approach is used to test the empirical model. The results indicate that increasing education and innovation levels in OECD and BRICS countries positively impact renewable energy consumption. However, the role of education and innovation in reducing the use of non-renewable energy consumption in the BRICS is insignificant, while in OECD countries, it is found significant. Thus, this study recommends that environmental education and green innovation be the focus to get sustainable development.

PL

Ekstremalne katastrofy klimatyczne i rosnące poziomy emisji zanieczyszczeń pokazują, że ludzkość i natura są w stanie konfrontacji. W tej sytuacji odpowiedzialność spada na intelektualistów, którzy angażują się w krytyczne myślenie, badania i innowacje, proponują rozwiązania problemów i jednoczą społeczeństwo w dążeniu do wspólnego celu. Niniejsze badanie ocenia rolę edukacji i innowacji w łagodzeniu zmian klimatu w krajach OECD i BRICS, gdzie wykorzystanie energii odnawialnej i zmniejszenie wykorzystania energii nieodnawialnej są uważane za strategie łagodzenia zmian klimatycznych. Do testowania modelu empirycznego zastosowano podejście GMM. Wyniki wskazują, że rosnący poziom edukacji i innowacyjności w krajach OECD i BRICS pozytywnie wpływa na zużycie energii odnawialnej. Jednak rola edukacji i innowacji w ograniczaniu zużycia energii nieodnawialnej w krajach BRICS jest znikoma, podczas gdy w krajach OECD jest uznawana za znaczącą. W związku z tym niniejsze badanie zaleca, aby edukacja środowiskowa i zielone innowacje były głównym celem osiągnięcia zrównoważonego rozwoju.

3

Lake Cliff Landslide Mitigation – A Case Study of Lut Tawar Peusangan Lake, Aceh, Indonesia

Amri Ulil, Azizah Cut, Ernawita, Robo Sarif, Nuraida, Ismy Romaynoor, Sastriawan Halus

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 2

165--172

EN

Landslide is one of the most common natural disasters in Indonesia. In Lut Tawar Lake, specifically the cliff side, the landslide event occurs almost daily. Mitigation effort becomes a necessity following the fatality cases it causes. This study aimed to identify landslides and suitable mitigation for the case of Lut Tawar’s lake cliff. A combined approach of landslide survey and image interpretation with field validation was used. In addition, local vegetation surrounding the case area was identified from the survey and interview process. The results showed there are in total 37 landslide points in the study area. The conducted analysis showed the landslide was mainly caused by land use change from forest to a plantation, slope, particularly in the cliff area that was carved for road development, the volcanic geology of Bukit Barisan mountain, rainfall intensity, and the equatorial rainfall characteristic of the study area. The results also suggest the finest solution for landslide mitigation, namely the eco-engineering approach, a revegetation method using the local vegetation. Local vegetation comprises multiple strata, of which grass in the below strata, shrubs in the middle strata, and trees in the upper strata, constitute a shield for the lake cliff. Within this structure, government and community can cultivate these plants in the surrounding lake area.

4

Some recent developments in inerter-based devices for vibration mitigation

Wagg David J.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2023

|

Vol. 71, nr 3

art. no. e144617

EN

Reducing the effect of unwanted vibrations is an important topic in many engineering applications. In this paper we describe some recent developments in the area of passive vibration mitigation. This is based on a new device called the inerter which can be exploited in a range of different contexts. In this paper we consider two recent examples; (i) where a flywheel inerter is combined with a hysteretic damper, and (ii) in which a pivoted bar inerter is developed for a machining application. In both cases, experimental test results show that the devices can outperform existing methods.

5

The nature of the intercontinental supply chain and the building of its resilience in a company performing quality analyzes of engine oils

Maryniak Anna, Pogorzelec-Glaser Katarzyna

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

|

2022

|

nr 72 (144)

193--200

EN

This study aims to identify a model for building a resilient supply chain in a company testing engine oil samples. Unstructured face-to-face and structured remote interviews were used as the research methods. The proposed contextual research procedure allows for the elucidation of the content of the components of the final resilient supply chain model and may facilitate theory building on the basis of future multiple case studies. As a result of the research, it was found that at the level of the described chain, its strength and continuity of flow are based on the durability of relationships with suppliers, speed, trust, and information sharing, the role of which has been explained in relation to the nature of the supply chain. Due to the nature of the chain, building its resistance on the basis of agility, which is most often indicated in model approaches, has no justification in this case. It was also established that in this process, 4.0 technologies such as the internet of things (IoT), machine learning, artificial intelligence, and cloud technologies are more important for management at the level of the entire corporation than at the level of the tested chain. The analysis covered the supply chain embedded in the industry, which (according to the author’s knowledge) was not discussed in the context of logistics processes in world literature. Therefore, the results of the work undertaken are of great cognitive value.

6

Towards sustainable land subsidence mitigation in Semarang and Demak, Central Java: Analysis using DPSIR Framework

Sarah Dwi, Mulyono Asep, Satriyo Nugroho Aji, Soebowo Eko, Wirabuana Taufiq

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 55

150--165

EN

The Semarang-Demak plain has experienced intense human intervention over the last 40 years, thereby causing land subsidence. This study aims to assess long-term conditions in the study area using the drivers-pressures- state-impacts-response (DPSIR) framework to mitigate land subsidence. Methods include analysis of land subsidence, socioeconomic, surface, and subsurface data, as well as spatial analysis. Results show that rapid population growth and economic activities are major driving forces, manifesting as pressures exerted from overexploitation of groundwater, increasing building and infrastructure loads, and decreasing non-built areas. Groundwater overexploitation reduced the artesian pressure in the 1980s, forming depression cones of the groundwater level from 5 to 30 m below mean sea level. From 1984 to the present, the constructed areas have increased more than tenfold, with Semarang City possessing the most densely built area. Based on our findings, we propose responses consisting of surface water utilization, spatial building regulation, and rigorous groundwater and land subsidence monitoring. Moreover, we encourage the strengthening of law enforcement and inter-sectoral management to ensure the successful land subsidence mitigation.

7

Flash Flood Disaster Mitigation Through Environmental Education

Prasetyo Ketut

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

|

2022

|

Vol. 16, no. 4

119--134

EN

Flash flood disasters often hit many areas in Indonesia and can generate various losses. These conditions are exacerbated by people’s low knowledge and interest in their environment. Therefore, if people’s environmental education increases, especially their flood disaster mitigation knowledge, they can be prepared and better protect themselves from such disasters. People’s environmental education must start from determining the reason of the flood disaster in their environment to discovering how to avoid the disaster. This research design is a one-group post-test design. The collected data in this research is a written test result about knowledge in flash flood disaster mitigation materials as an implementation in environmental education in the community. The research data results were analyzed by means of simple regression, logistics regression, and correlation. Based on this research, environmental education with disaster mitigation materials has a high understanding level. In the disaster step, the highest understanding is before it happens. The correlation between educational strata and gender on environmental education and disaster mitigation materials is low. Finally, the role of women in disaster mitigation needs to improve because they have a higher understanding than males of disaster mitigation materials.

8

A Study of a Protective Container for Combined Blast, Fragmentation and Thermal Effects from Energetic Materials Detonation

Ahmed Khurshid, Malik Abdul Qadeer

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

|

2022

|

Vol. 19, no. 2

135--157

EN

A composite protective container is experimentally investigated to counter combined blast, fragmentation and thermal effects from either a 1.0 kg bare or 0.6 kg cased (pipe-bomb) TNT equivalent charge. Commercially available shaving foam was used as the internal filling material. The shaving foam quenched the initial fireball and afterburning reactions. The composite case contained the blast overpressure and prevented the escape of primary fragments. The novel combination of extended polystyrene (EPS) foam, bakelite and polyurethane (PU)-silica composite employed at the container base provided protection against in-contact explosive detonation. Maximum peak reflected overpressure of 86.87 kPa (12.6 psi) was measured at 1.0 m distance for 1.0 kg TNT equivalent charge detonation inside the container. The protective container provided 97% peak overpressure reduction compared to the equivalent surface burst detonation. The fragmentation and their impact on container were simulated using a coupled SPH-ALE approach. Steel casing fragments weighing up to 8.0 g with velocities in the range of 1260-1550 m/s were produced and impacted the container. This investigation provides a basis in the design of a device to combat terrorist devices in public places, high profile meeting venues and transportation systems.

9

Effective implementation of mitigation measures against voltage collapse in distribution power systems

Salau Ayodeji Olalekan, Nweke John N., Ogbuefi Uche C.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2021

|

R. 97, nr 10

65--68

EN

The frequent problem of voltage collapse in the distribution system can be mitigated through the application of the sensitivity-index-based optimization technique. The proposed method is used to identify those weak buses that are susceptible to voltage collapse within the distribution system. The identified weak buses are then optimally connected with distributed generation (DG). This will affect voltage improvement, power loss reduction, and general reliability of the system. A 30-bus 33kV feeder distribution network system is used to measure the efficacy of the proposed method. Buses 19, 22, and 30 have the greatest potential for voltage collapse in the system among all the selected candidate buses, according to the results. Bus 30, on the other hand, has the highest power KOS sensitivity index, making it the best position for the DG. The total active power loss (APL) of the network was reduced to 16.8% after effective implementation of the mitigation measures. The buses that were prone to voltage collapse which run below the statutory voltage limit (0.95 p.u ≤ Vi ≤ 1.05 p.u.) were also improved to a standard working level.

PL

Częsty problem zapadu napięcia w systemie dystrybucyjnym można złagodzić poprzez zastosowanie techniki optymalizacji opartej na indeksie wrażliwości. Zaproponowana metoda służy do identyfikacji tych słabych szyn, które są podatne na zanik napięcia w systemie dystrybucyjnym. Zidentyfikowane słabe magistrale są następnie optymalnie połączone z generacją rozproszoną (DG). Wpłynie to na poprawę napięcia, zmniejszenie strat mocy i ogólną niezawodność systemu. Do pomiaru skuteczności proponowanej metody stosowany jest 30-szynowy system sieci dystrybucyjnej z zasilaczem 33 kV. Zgodnie z wynikami, autobusy 19, 22 i 30 mają największy potencjał zaniku napięcia w systemie spośród wszystkich wybranych szyn kandydujących. Z kolei autobus 30 ma najwyższy wskaźnik czułości KOS mocy, co czyni go najlepszą pozycją dla DG. Całkowita utrata mocy czynnej (APL) sieci została zmniejszona do 16,8% po skutecznym wdrożeniu środków łagodzących. Szyny podatne na zaniki napięcia, pracujące poniżej ustawowego limitu napięcia (0,95 p.u ≤ Vi ≤ 1,05 p.u.), również zostały ulepszone do standardowego poziomu roboczego.

10

Ecological Implications of the Dynamics of Water Volume Growth in a Reservoir

Kartono, Purwanto, Suripin

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2021

|

Vol. 22, iss. 4

22--29

EN

The rate of growth of the water volume in the reservoir varies with each charging season. The accuracy of the predictions is required in sustainable reservoir management. Its intrinsic growth rate as an ecological parameter plays a role in determining this speed. This study aimed to analyze the dynamics of water volume growth based on its intrinsic growth rate to assess the potential for hydrometeorology disasters. The population growth models proposed to be tested for suitability and goodness is the Verhulst, Richards, Comperzt, and modified Malthus model. Test suitability and model goodness were subjected to stages of verification, parameter estimation and model validation based on daily water volume data in the Gembong Reservoir, Pati, Indonesia for the period 2007–2020. A good model is determined based on the Mean Average Percentage Error (MAPE) criteria. The Richards model with b = 2 and r = 0.063/day had consistently low MAPE values during training and testing. This model was chosen as a new approach to understand the dynamics of water volume growth in a reservoir. The ecological implication of these dynamics of water volume growth is that reservoirs experience an abundance of water during the charging season. Reservoir normalization can be prioritized as a mitigation strategy for potential flood disasters.

11

Mitigation of blast load risk on reinforced concrete structures considering different design alternatives

Ibrahim Y. E., Almustafa M.

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2020

|

Vol. 66, nr 3

225--238

EN

The purpose of this study is to investigate a structure’s response to blast loading when composite columns are used instead of conventional reinforced concrete (RC) cross sections and when a conventional structure is retrofitted with braces. The study includes conducting dynamic analyses on three different structures: a conventional reference RC structure, a modified structure utilizing composite columns, and a modified structure retrofitted with steel braces. The two modified structures were designed in order to investigate their performance when subjected to blast loading compared to the conventional design. During the dynamic analyses, the structures were exposed to simulated blast loads of multiple intensities using the finite-element modelling software, SeismoStruct. To evaluate their performance, the responses of the modified structures were analyzed and compared with the response of the conventional structure. It was concluded that both the structure with composite columns and the steel brace structure experienced less damage than the conventional model. The best performance was obtained through the steel brace structure.

12

The use of QLARM to estimate seismic risk in Kirghizstan at the regional and city scales

Rosset Philippe, Toliss Stavro, Wyss Max

Acta Geophysica

|

2020

|

Vol. 68, no. 4

979--991

EN

An analysis of seismic risk using our tool QLARM has been performed for the Batken region including the cities of Aidarken and Kadamjay, 100 km SW of Osh. The damage to residential buildings and induced casualties has been estimated for a set of seismic scenarios of typical and maximum magnitude considering the existing seismicity data. Population and building datasets have been built based on up-to-date information, and for the two cities, satellite photographs and a feld survey have been used. A preliminary soil response zonation is proposed using seismic ambient noise analyses. In the investigated region, the probability of damaging earthquakes with M >6 is judged to be low because the slip accumulation rate along individual faults is only in the range of 0.01–0.3 cm/year. The amplifcation of seismic waves by soil deposits is estimated to be low; however, the proposed zonation needs to be complemented by additional seismic measurements. The calculations indicate that the combined fatalities of Kadamjay and Aidarken in a hypothetical earthquake of magnitude between 6.0 and 6.6 are fewer than 100.

13

Safety and security of Baltic Sea area critical infrastructure networks : integrated management system

Kołowrocki Krzysztof, Soszyńska-Budny Joanna

Journal of Polish Safety and Reliability Association

|

2019

|

Vol. 10, No. 1

79--98

EN

The Baltic Sea basin is analyzed and Baltic Sea main geographical and climatological parameters are presented. The Baltic Sea environmental impacts of human activity and the ways of their consequences protection are discussed. The set of critical infrastructure networks at Baltic Sea and its seaside is identified and critical infrastructures and their operation environment methodology is introduced. The integrated management system of safety and security of Baltic Sea area critical infrastructure networks is proposed as a new research project continuing HAZAD project subjects and its core aims and description are presented. The project research team conception is created and partner cooperation added values are addressed. Seven main steps of project implementation are suggested. Moreover, the appropriate and wide references are given.

14

Ammonia emission from livestock production in Poland and its regional diversity, in the years 2005–2017

Mielcarek-Bocheńska Paulina, Rzeźnik Wojciech

Archives of Environmental Protection

|

2019

|

Vol. 45, no. 4

114--121

EN

Agriculture is a significant source of gaseous pollutants such as ammonia, methane, nitrous oxide and volatile organic compounds. Ammonia is particularly important due to the high emission and local, as well as global impact on the environment. The release of NH3 is one of the main ways of nitrogen emission to the atmosphere and it contributes to its subsequent deposition. The aim of the study was to analyze ammonia emissions from animal production in Poland in 2005–2017, its regional diversity and possibilities of its reduction in agriculture. The ammonia emission was calculated for the animal production groups according to the NFR classification. The values of ammonia emission were calculated based on ammonia emission factors used by KOBIZE, in accordance with the EMEP/EEA methods. In 2017, the NH3 emission from Polish agriculture amounted 288 Gg and it accounted for 96% of the emission in 2005. Ammonia emission from livestock production, in 2005–2017, on average accounted for 79.8% of agricultural emissions. The largest share had the cattle (51%) and swine (30%) production. The NH3 emissions differed strongly between provinces. The emission density (kg NH3·km-2·year-1) in provinces with intensive livestock production was about 5.5 times higher than in regions, where livestock production was the lowest. The mitigation strategies should be implemented primarily in provinces where reduction potential is the largest. The assessment of the reduction potential should take into account the NH3 emission per 1 km2 and the low NH3 emission technologies, which are already applied in the regions.

PL

Rolnictwo jest znaczącym źródłem zanieczyszczeń gazowych między innymi: amoniaku, metanu, podtlenku azotu i lotnych związków organicznych. Amoniak jest szczególnie istotny ze względu na znaczną emisję i lokalne oraz globalne oddziaływanie na środowisko. Uwalnianie NH3 jest jednym z głównych źródeł emisji azotu do atmosfery i przyczynia się do jego późniejszej depozycji. Celem pracy była analiza emisji amoniaku z produkcji zwierzęcej w Polsce w latach 2005-2017, jej regionalnego zróżnicowania oraz możliwości jej ograniczania z rolnictwa. Emisję amoniaku obliczono dla grup zwierząt zgodnych z klasyfikacją NFR. Do tego celu wykorzystano wartości współczynników emisji amoniaku stosowanych przez KOBIZE, zgodnie z metodami EMEP/EEA. W 2017 r. emisja NH3 z polskiego rolnictwa wyniosła 288 Gg i stanowiła 96% tej emisji z 2005 r. Emisja amoniaku z produkcji zwierzęcej, w latach 2005-2017, stanowiła średnio 79,8% emisji z rolnictwa. Największy udział w tej emisji miała produkcja bydła (51%) i trzody chlewnej (30%). Emisje NH3 różniły się znacznie między województwami. Gęstość emisji (kgNH3km-2rok-1) w województwach o intensywnej produkcji zwierzęcej była około 5,5 razy większa niż w województwach, w których produkcja zwierzęca była najmniejsza. Osiągnięcie unijnych poziomów redukcji emisji NH3 wyznaczonych dla Polski, będzie wymagało zmian w produkcji zwierzęcej i roślinnej. Strategie ograniczania powinny być wprowadzane w pierwszej kolejności w regionach, w których występuje duży potencjał redukcji, czyli w województwach o wysokiej gęstości emisji NH3.

15

Integrating mitigation and adaptation in climate, water and development policies in Krakow

Dubel A.

Ekonomia i Środowisko

|

2017

|

nr 1

226--235

EN

In view of such a complex phenomena as climate change not sufficient outcomes emerge from concentrating separately on mitigation or adaptation efforts, but rather it is their integration in a coherent policy and the subsequently planned actions that could increase effectiveness and efficiency as well as intensify the desired results. This working hypothesis is elaborated in the paper based on the case study of the city of Krakow in the Southern Poland. The aim of the paper is to identify the synergies and trade-offs from the climate mitigation and adaptation efforts planned within the climate, water and development sectors in Krakow. The scoping study of the policies and strategic documents was performed with that respect and the state-of-the-art literature was studied to capture the latest advancements in the climate mitigation and adaptation integration studies in order to develop the research method. The applied method was validated as relevant for integration of these aspects with the focus on the cities. The results show the landscape of the planned strategic actions towards mitigation and adaptation to climate change as well as synergies and trade-offs between the two. In the discussion the results are analysed in view of the identified performed studies of this type.

16

Multi-spark modeling of very fast transient overvoltages for the purposes of developing HV and UHV gas-insulated switchgear and of conducting insulation co-ordination studies

Szewczyk M.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

|

2017

|

Vol. 65, nr 6

871--882

EN

Very fast transient overvoltages (VFTO) originate from steep voltage breakdowns in SF6 gas that are inherent to operation of any switching device of the gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) type. For power stations with voltage ratings exceeding 500 kV, the ratio between equipment rated- and withstand-voltage levels becomes relatively low, which causes the VFTO peak values to reach the component’s insulation withstand-voltage levels, thus becoming a design factor for high- and ultra-high voltage GIS. While well-established approach to VFTO analyses involves only single VFTO events (the so-called single-spark approach), there is often the need to analyze the entire VFTO generation process, for which the multi-spark approach to VFTO modeling is to be employed. The multi-spark approach allows one to evaluate the VFTO impact on the GIS disconnector design along with the impact of the VFTO on selection and dimensioning of the VFTO damping solutions. As the multi-spark approach to VFTO modeling is now being increasingly used in UHV GIS developments as well as for the insulation co-ordination studies of power stations, the present paper is motivated by the need to report on the VFTO multi-spark modeling approach and to lay a common ground for development works that are supported extensively with VFTO simulations. The paper presents physical assumptions and modeling concepts that are in use in such modeling works. Development of the multi-spark GIS disconnector model for VFTO simulations is presented, followed by an overview of examples of the model application for the GIS development works and for insulation co-ordination studies.

17

RSSI Algorithm Based Interference Reduction Technique for LTE Network

Ansari Shahegul, Gulhane Veena

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

|

2017

|

Vol. 10

111--115

EN

Wireless communications networks require 3GPP (Long Term Evolution) technique for gaining highly efficient spectrum and data rates with flexible bandwidth and spectrum allocation. Femtocell is an approach of LTE networks for reducing indoor coverage problems. While, locating macro-cells and femto-cells may found a situation of interference. For reducing this problem, in this paper we propose a Modified Fractional Frequency Reuse (MFFR) technique with Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) algorithm. This technique would effectively mitigate the co-channel interference from both interference techniques that is of co tier and cross tier, thus get higher throughput of system.

18

Mitigation scratch on fused silica optics using CO2 laser

Liu C.-M., Yan Z.-H., Yang L., Jiang Y., Zu X.-T., Wang H.-J., Liao W., Yuan X.-D., Zheng W.-G.

Optica Applicata

|

2016

|

Vol. 46, nr 3

387--397

EN

The scratch on a fused silica surface was treated as a chain of connected damage sites and mitigated one after another using CO2 laser irradiation. The optical microscopy image shows that a scratch with the width of about 30 μm and length of several millimeters can be completely mitigated without the formation of debris and bubbles. The mitigated scratch can survive under raster scan laser irradiation with the fluency increased up to 11.0J/cm2 at 3ns and 351nm. On the contrary, the substrate without CO2 laser mitigation is seriously damaged under this irradiation. The light modulation induced by mitigation is much smaller when the scratch is mitigated before being damaged. The light modulation is about 2 when the distance to the mitigated sample is larger than 20cm. The birefringence induced by residual stress in the mitigated scratch is measured. The retardance of the mitigated scratch before being damaged is not visible. Therefore, residual stress in this mitigated scratch before being damaged should be not a critical potential risk in laser damage.

19

Actions and measures for mitigation drought and water scarcity in agriculture

Łabędzki L.

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2016

|

no. 29

3--10

EN

The paper characterizes the phenomena of droughts and water scarcity in Polish agriculture and their impacts on crop yield. Various preventive measures should be undertaken to mitigate the harmful effects of droughts and water scarcity. The most important is the development of water resources. To accomplish this aim, small scale water retention projects and irrigation development programs should be further implemented in many provinces of Poland. Effective use of irrigation water, optimization of water distribution, crop rotation, rehabilitation and modernization of the existing irrigation systems, soil reclamation are the examples of other measures. The pressure for increased water supplies is intensifying in Poland. That is why there is an urgent need to improve the uniform national plans of drought and water scarcity mitigation including guidelines on how to prevent and counteract the effects of water scarcity in agriculture and to release recommendations stating the most adequate measures to be undertaken.

PL

Scharakteryzowano zjawiska suszy i niedoboru wody w polskim rolnictwie i ich wpływ na plonowanie. Powinny być podjęte różne środki zapobiegawcze w celu ograniczenia szkodliwych skutków suszy i niedoboru wody. Najważniejsze jest zwiększanie zasobów wodnych na terenach rolniczych. Aby osiągnąć ten cel, powinny być nadal realizowane w wielu województwach Polski programy małej retencji wodnej i rozwoju nawodnień. Efektywne wykorzystanie wody do nawodnień, optymalizacja dystrybucji wody, odpowiedni płodozmian, odbudowa i modernizacja istniejących systemów nawadniania, poprawa zdolności retencyjnych gleb to przykłady innych działań. Zapotrzebowanie na wodę nasila się w Polsce. Dlatego istnieje pilna potrzeba opracowania i wdrożenia jednolitych krajowych planów łagodzenia skutków niedoboru wody i susz, w tym wytycznych w celu zapobiegania i przeciwdziałania skutkom niedoboru wody w rolnictwie i wydania zaleceń odnośnie do najbardziej odpowiednich środków, które mogę być podjęte.

20

Finansowanie kosztów zapobiegania i adaptacji do zmian klimatu

Dubel A.

Ekonomia i Środowisko

|

2016

|

nr 3

100--110

EN

Mitigating climate change ultimately contributes to reducing the costs of adaptation. Expenditures on adaptation are diverse in terms of geographical distribution and they are usually incurred to adapt to climate change or prevent their negative effects, such as natural disasters. These expenditures must be distinguished from expenses to cover disasters’ losses. From the social justice point of view, it is important who bears the costs, who contributes to the additional costs and who benefits from climate change. The paper analyses and compares sources of financing of the costs of climate change adaptation and mitigation, to determine the share of individual actors in their performance. The conducted literature review helped in identifying the sources of financing of these costs. The possibilities of growth of adaptation financing need in the face of climate change predictions, and the ability to finance the rising costs, including new ways of financing, were also analysed.