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Chemiczna biologia syntetyczna

Huszcza Ewa

Wiadomości Chemiczne

2021

[Z] 75, 9-10

1413--1438

Synthetic biology, which in 2020 turned 20 years old, is a very dynamically developing field. Unlike traditional molecular and cellular biology, synthetic biology focuses on the design and construction of parts, devices and systems such as enzymes, genetic circuits, metabolic pathways, etc. that can be modeled and adapted to specific requirements, and assembly into integrated systems for solving specific problems. The basic assumption of synthetic biology is the application of engineering principles such as standardization and modularity. Synthetic biology is traditionally dominated by top-down approaches that incorporate or redesign well-characterized standard biological parts into cellular systems. In synthetic biology research there are also bottom-up approaches aiming to construct cell-like systems starting with molecular building blocks. This complementary approach is called "chemical synthetic biology." In this case the goal is to use unnatural chemicals to reproduce biological behavior. Under the bottom-up approach synthetic biology involves construction of so-called minimal cells or living cells from scratch and creating orthogonal biological systems based on biochemistry not found in nature. Bottom-up approaches complement the study of living cells, facilitate the definition of principles governing biological organization and identify new systems for biotechnological production. Examples of breakthrough achievements in chemical synthetic biology such as peptide nucleic acids and selected developments over the past few years are presented in this review article.