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1

The use of military force in the foreign policy of the Russian Federation

Krzykowski Piotr

Wiedza Obronna

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2022

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nr 2

81--107

EN

In their action, the Russian authorities use a number of different tools, military strength being one of the key ones. Russia’s neo-imperial ambitions are reflected in the new strategic and doctrinal documents. They follow a more confrontational line and emphasize Russia’s desire to frame a new architecture of international security. In pursuing its strategic goals, Russia has undertaken a comprehensive programme of technical upgrade of its armed forces, launches impressive military exercise programmes and militarizes the society. The worsening international situation at the beginning of the 21st century, as a derivative of the growing power and importance of the Russian Federation, posed a threat to the countries of the former Warsaw Pact. The aim of the article is to discuss the military tools employed in the foreign policy of the Russian Federation, both direct and indirect. In areas of strategic interest outside the post-Soviet area, they mainly take an indirect form. An example of Russia’s desire to restore its imperial influence is demonstrations of its strategic combat capabilities, including by taking provocative action in the western direction.

2

Wyższe szkolnictwo wojskowe Rzeczypospolitej a sztuka myślenia strategicznego

Tym Juliusz

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2019

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Nr 2

98--109

PL

W dwudziestym wieku Polska tylko nieco ponad trzydzieści lat cieszyła się niepodległością. W okresie II Rzeczypospolitej samodzielnie kształtowała swoją strategię przez dwadzieścia lat. W czasie II wojny światowej władze Rzeczypospolitej, działające w Paryżu, a później w Londynie, próbowały formułować strategię zgodną z ówczesną polską racją stanu. W wyniku zdrady zachodnich sojuszników Polska po II wojnie światowej znalazła się w sowieckiej strefie wpływów, co oznaczało kres rozwoju niczym nieskrępowanej polskiej myśli strategicznej. Po ponownym odzyskaniu niepodległości w latach 1989-1990 koniecznością stało się sformułowanie strategii bezpieczeństwa niepodległego i suwerennego państwa w zmienionym położeniu geopolitycznym. Nowe wyzwania i nowe zagrożenia, wynikające z turbulentności środowiska bezpieczeństwa, wymagały prowadzenia intensywnej, wielopłaszczyznowej polityki bezpieczeństwa. Potrzebny był więc korpus generalski profesjonalnie przygotowany do podejmowania strategicznych decyzji w skomplikowanym środowisku bezpieczeństwa. W tym celu utworzono Podyplomowe Studia Polityki Obronnej, które miały przygotować kandydatów na stanowiska o stopniu etatowym generała brygady (kontradmirała). Studia te przez dwanaście lat były prowadzone w Akademii Obrony Narodowej, a obecnie są kontynuowane w Akademii Sztuki Wojennej. Jednym z największych wyzwań dla słuchaczy tych studiów jest zmiana perspektywy postrzegania bezpieczeństwa narodowego, a przede wszystkim zrozumienie istoty myślenia strategicznego.

EN

In the 20th century, Poland enjoyed independence for just over thirty years. During the Second Republic of Poland, it shaped its strategy independently for twenty years. During World War II, the authorities of the Republic of Poland, operating in Paris and later in London, tried to formulate a strategy consistent with the then Polish raison d’état. As a result of the betrayal of western allies, after World War II Poland found itself in the Soviet zone of influence, which meant an end to the development of unhindered Polish strategic thought. After the restoration of independence in 1989-1990, it became necessary to formulate a security strategy for an independent and sovereign state in a changed geopolitical position. New challenges and new threats resulting from the turbulent security environment required an intensive, multi-faceted security policy. Therefore, a general corps professionally prepared to make strategic decisions in a complex security environment was needed. To this end, Postgraduate Studies of Defense Policy were created to prepare candidates for the positions of full-time Brigadier General (Rear Admiral). These studies were conducted for twelve years at the National Defense Academy, and are now continued at the Academy of War Art. One of the biggest challenges for the students of these studies is to change the perspective on the perception of national security and, above all, to understand the essence of strategic thinking.

3

Nowa technologia i nowa geopolityka : tezy trzecia i czwarta o uwarunkowaniach bezpieczeństwa Polski

Kostrzewa-Zorbas G.

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

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2017

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R. 7, Nr 11

77--92

PL

Artykuł to kontynuacja rozdziału Priorytet odstraszania i ocean światowy – dwie tezy o uwarunkowaniach bezpieczeństwa Polski z książki zbiorowej Współczesne wyzwania bezpieczeństwa Polski, WAT 2015. Polska polityka i strategia obronna może korzystać z synergii czterech tez: 1. Wskutek nierówności potencjałów i braku głębi strategicznej naturalnym priorytetem Polski jest odstraszanie. Trzeba wzmacniać odstraszanie nuklearne i konwencjonalne przez NATO i rozwijać narodowe siły odstraszania, będące zarazem wkładem do potęgi NATO i UE. 2. Polska powinna aktywnie korzystać z położenia nad morzem zgodnie z myślą Mahana, geopolityką i strategią NATO. Rozwój potęgi na morzu daje liczne korzyści, w tym opcję odstraszania środkami o maksymalnej zdolności przetrwania pierwszego ataku. 3. Polska może osiągnąć strategiczną przewagę – nie ilościową, lecz jakościową – przez rozwój nauki, technologii i gospodarki opartej na wiedzy, pod warunkiem zwiększenia udziału R&D w gospodarce i nakładów na obronność do poziomu czołowych państw Zachodu i Azji Wschodniej. Sprzyja Polsce członkostwo w UE, NATO i OECD. 4. Połączyć trzeba dwa historyczne polskie programy geopolityczne – piastowski (zachodni) i jagielloński (wschodni) – w pojedynczy program euroatlantycki. Dotąd przeciwstawne i konkurencyjne, programy te mogą i powinny być połączone dziś, gdy Polska należy do NATO i UE, zajmując miejsce na flance wschodniej organizacji zachodnich. Obydwa programy zaczęły być realizowane niesprzecznie już w czasach starań Polski o przyjęcie do NATO i UE, a zarazem rozwijania współpracy z krajami środkowoeuropejskimi w ramach Grupy Wyszehradzkiej i wschodnioeuropejskimi na Międzymorzu. Polska nie może izolować się od żadnych części obszaru euroatlantyckiego i ograniczać swojego dostępu do ich różnych zasobów – od zasobów naukowych i technologicznych po porty morskie i oceaniczne. Jednoczesne przyjęcie wszystkich czterech tez pozwala wszechstronnie wyjaśnić stan i wyzwania bezpieczeństwa zewnętrznego Polski oraz znaleźć adekwatne rozwiązanie.

EN

The article is a continuation of the chapter “The Priority of Deterrence and the World Ocean: Two Theses on the Determinants of the Security of Poland” in a collective book Contemporary Challenges to the Security of Poland, published by the Military University of Technology in Warsaw in 2015. Poland’s defence policy and strategy can benefit from the synergy od four theses: 1. Due to the uneven balance of power and the lack of strategic depth, deterrence is the natural priority of Poland. Nuclear and conventional deterrence by NATO should be strengthened, while national deterrence forces should be developed, contributing also to the overall power of NATO and the EU. 2. Poland should actively use its access to the sea, consistently with the ideas of Mahan, geopolitics and strategy of NATO. The development of seapower provides many benefits, including the option to utilize for deterrence the weapons systems of maximum survivability in case of first attack. 3. A strategic advantage – not numerical but qualitative – can be achieved by Poland through the enhancement of science, technology and knowledge-based economy, on the condition that the share of R&D in the economy and in defence expenditures rises to the level of the leasing nations of the West and of East Asia. Poland’s membership in the EU, NATO and OECD facilitates this objective. 4. Two historic Polish geopolitical programs – the westward-oriented Piast Program and eastward-oriented Jagiellonian Program – should be merged into a single Euro-Atlantic program. The two programs were treated thus far as mutually exclusive and competitive, but they can and should be merged now, when Poland belongs to NATO and the EU and is placed on the Eastern Flank of Western organizations. Both programs started to be implemented in a non-contradictory way already in the time of Poland’s attempts to join NATO and the EU while developing cooperation with Central European nations in the framework of the Visegrad Group and with East European nations of the Intermarium region between the Baltic, Black and Adriatic Seas. Poland cannot isolate itself from any part of the Euro-Atlantic Area and thus limit the access to its various resources – from scientific and technological assets to sea and ocean ports. If accepted together, the above four theses allow a comprehensive explanation of the state and challenges of Poland’s external security, and the discovery of an adequate solution.

4

Analityczny model oceny hybrydowości współczesnych konfliktów

Dębczak A., Pawlak C., Keplin J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2015

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nr 2(99)

44-60

PL

Celem powyższego opracowania jest wyjaśnienie istoty działań hybrydowych, określenie ich przebiegu w poszczególnych fazach oraz zdefiniowanie i przedstawienie propozycji narzędzia (modelu analitycznego). W opracowaniu scharakteryzowano hybrydowość współczesnych konfliktów oraz pojęcia zidentyfikowane podczas prac nad narodową Koncepcją udziału sił zbrojnych w przeciwdziałaniu zagrożeniom hybrydowym, realizowaną przez Centrum Doktryn i Szkolenia Sil Zbrojnych w ścisłej współpracy z grupą ekspertów dziedzinowych. Przedstawiono opracowaną propozycję modelu analitycznego opisującego przebieg możliwych zagrożeń we wszystkich rozpatrywanych obszarach, tj. politycznym, ekonomicznym, społecznym, militarnym, infrastruktury i informacyjnym (PEMSII).

EN

The aim of the article is to give a vivid insight into the essence of hybrid activity, to define the course of it in individual phases and to present the proposed tool, namely the analytical model. The article analyses the contemporary hybrid warfare and the terms formulated based on the works devoted to create the national Concept of Armed Forces Contribution in Countering Hybrid Warfare implemented by the Doctrine and Training Centre of PAF, in close cooperation with the group of subject matter experts. The article specifies the proposed analytical model concerning the course of possible threats in all PEMSII model fields, namely political, economic, social, military, information and infrastructure.

5

Przemiany w myśleniu i działaniu strategicznym

Smolak L.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2011

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nr 2(83)

204-231

EN

A good strategy of action has always been the synonym of success. In the retrospective approach, the appropriate strategy means physical, material and national victory leading to fame of the distinguished commander. It is thanks to outstanding commanders and their historic achievements, often eulogized in literature, that we can now trace and analyse the courses of battles and wars that are located in the catalogue of the 18 decisive battles in the world history. Poles also contribute to create this history. Władysław Jagiełło’s or Marshall Piłsudski’s military thought proves profound capabilities in working out strategies of battles and wars. The world is fascinated with Greeks’ and Romans’ achievements, seeking patterns in their cultures that grant recognition and carry numerous messages and conclusions, and imply also influence on strategic management at present. The article presents the main directions in strategic thinking, major orientations in shaping geo-political strategies visions and implications for contemporary international relations. The paper also shows the evolution process of strategy forming from political and military aspects to treating this kind of documents as integrated with the Polish Republic’s strategic development. The author also discusses the latest governmental concepts in this area, describing basic thesis currently consulted in government strategies, including the Strategy of National Security System Development of the Republic of Poland for 2011-2012.

6

Wybrane obszary transformacji sił zbrojnych Sojuszu Północnoatlantyckiego w aspekcie rozwoju zdolności ekspedycyjnych

Zieliński T.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2010

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nr 2(79)

102-122

EN

Changing international security environment requires taking actions in order to face current and future challenges in this area. The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, as one of the international order guarantees, equipped with necessary tools must also adjust to the environment and build capabilities to meet hew threats in the future. Yet, does NATO have all the necessary capabilities authorising its role as an international security guard? The armed forces' evolutionary transformation of particular NATO Member States is trying to meet the demands of current and future expectations in the security area. The concept pursued by NATO to combat threat far away from its borders requires expeditionary forces o f unique capabilities, acquiring of which is possible within the framework of the conducted process of transformation. Activities undertaken to develop expeditionary capabilities have led to establishing NATO Response Forces, which are generally considered as typical expeditionary forces conducting a wide range of (kinetic, and nonkinetic) tasks in geographically remote regions. However, it must be remembered that the expeditionary character of NATO armed forces requires undertaking, several activities, the final outcome of which will be the development of expeditionary capabilities enabling conducting operations outside NATO area of responsibility without the Host Nation Support, also in unpredictable operational environment and difficult geographical and climate conditions.

7

Użycie sił powietrznych w wojnach nieregularnych

Marszałek M.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2008

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nr 2(71)

80-98

EN

The author of the article explains the idea of an irregular war, shows crucial differences between an irregular and conventional war and defines probable tasks that may be conducted by contemporary air forces. That required finding an answer to the question and the general problem of the article: what is the nature of an irregular war and what kind of role air power may play in counter-insurgency operations. The basis for further considerations concerning the use of air power in operations aiming at combating insurgency was to explain the idea of an irregular war, presenting its characteristic features and also commenting on notions directly connected with this type of war, such as counter-insurgency operations.

8

Znaczenie rażenia elektronicznego we współczesnych operacjach

Janczak J.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2007

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nr 2(67)

156-169

EN

This article presents the results of researches in the field of electronic destruction in contemporary operations. It has been proved that electronic destruction is becoming an important part of contemporary operations, especially in net-centric warfare and as such it has to be taken into consideration as an activity of both enemy and own armed forces. Hence, the position and role of electronic destruction in net-centric warfare has been defined and its division has been presented. As a result, the range of individual components, i.e. interference, electronic deception and neutralization were discussed. It was defined that actions taken within the confines of individual components of electronic destruction consist in disorganization of surveillance, communications and armament guiding equipment during the time essential for undertaking fire strikes on different enemy objects or in the permanent destruction of these objects by electromagnetic energy of high density power, comparable to the energy of electromagnetic impulse accompanying nuclear explosion. The author highly values the results of researches concerning future ways of electronic destruction, which destroy elements of electronic systems and disorganize information and information-managing processes, essential for commanding the armed forces and guiding the armament.

9

Gra w szachy a rozwiązywanie problemów wojskowych

Kende G., Seres G.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2007

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nr 1(66)

399-424

PL

Istnienie związków między szachami a zarządzaniem wiedzą, szachami a strategią wojskową, szachami a rozwijaniem umiejętności, szachami a rozwijaniem zdolności do podejmowania decyzji, szachami a rozwojem osobowości jest znane od dawna. Istota niniejszej publikacji oraz zawarte w niej sugestie ukierunkowane są na ścisły związek tej gry z rozwojem techniki informacyjnej ostatnich dekad. W 2004 roku naukowcy Szwecji oraz Australii, przy zastosowaniu programów komputerowych i metod matematycznych, uzyskali znaczące wyniki w badaniach nad związkiem szachów z działaniami wojennymi. W 2006 roku na Węgrzech podjęto szerokie studia, których wyniki są przedstawiane w publikacjach, a także w trakcie konferencji naukowych. Od września 2007 roku będzie prowadzona dysertacja doktorska w ramach studiów doktoranckich węgierskiego Uniwersytetu Obrony Narodowej im. Miklósa Zrinyi. Będzie nosiła tytuł: Studiowanie szachów oraz ich związków z technikami informacyjnymi w celu określenia podobieństw oraz możliwości zastosowania tej gry w obszarze operacji wojskowych, rozwoju uzbrojenia, podejmowania decyzji, szkolenia wojskowego i edukacji. Ze względu na silne związki szachów z technikami informacyjnymi znacząco wzrosła efektywność możliwości nauki gry w szachy, co skutkuje w rezultacie zwiększeniem możliwości rozwijania zdolności podejmowania decyzji. Niniejsza publikacja, dzięki przedstawieniu najnowszych wyników badań naukowych, wskazuje na sposoby dalszego rozwijania poprzez szachy cech i zdolności przydatnych w sferze wojskowości.

EN

The relationship between chess and knowledge management, chess and military strategy, chess and skills development, chess and decision-making ability development, chess and personality development is far from being new. The timeliness of our publication and suggestions is supported by the development of information technology in the recent decades. In 2004 Swedish and Australian scientists achieved substantial results in the research of the relationship between chess and warfare by using computer technology and mathematical methods. In 2006 in Hungary new research began which is marked by several publications and conference presentations. From September 2007 a new PhD topic will be launched by the PhD School of Military Technology at Zrinyi Miklós National Defence University which title is: “Studying chess and its informational technology background to find analogies and application possibilities regarding battlefield operations, armaments development, decision making, military training and education”. Due to the excellent information technological background of chess, the effectiveness of chess education has substantially increased, as a result of which, up-to-date methods of skills, personality and decision-making ability development through chess are relatively easy to work out and accomplish. This publication, by presenting some fresh results, points at the possibility of chess related research and exploiting the educational, skills, personality and decision-making ability development in military matters thorough chess.

10

Współczesna sztuka operacyjna

Czupryński A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2006

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nr 4(65)

209-225

EN

The evolution of military art for the reason of political assumptions of using the armed forces to solve contentious issues causes changes in practice and theory of the military art. Changes in the area of military art are resulted from the unification of the main object of research, namely military operations. Contemporary operations in individual conflicts became independent categories, in the result of which the goal of military strategy is achieved directly. It causes changes in the development of operations theory. It is contemporarily assumed that all operations will be joint in nature and hence it is not legitimate to develop theories of operations conducted by only one service in one environment. If the main subject of researches has changed, it is legitimate to do some changes in the theory adequately to its diagnosis and forecasted development. Therefore, in the structure of military art the basis of operational art and the theory of operations should be specified.

11

Wojska specjalne we współczesnej strategii militarnej

Królikowski H.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

|

2006

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nr 4(65)

144-159

EN

For many years a broad discussion concerning the creation of special operations forces (SOF) headquarters has been conducted in Poland. In the year 2006 it finally resulted in the creation of such command. In previous years special forces confirmed several times its value in light of contemporary military conflicts. During the fights on the territory of Afghanistan most of the operations were special in their nature and the core of the allied forces operating against the Talibans were special forces units. Without the presence of special forces in Afghanistan it would not be possible to create the Northern Alliance and effectively use the air force and precision weapons. The meaning of special operations in contemporary military conflicts is shown by comparison of the first Gulf War of 1991 and the operation ‘Iraqi Freedom’ in 2003. Experiences of military conflicts conducted in the recent period have confirmed that special forces should posses the ability of independent planning, preparation and conducting of operations - in every geographical and climatic conditions both in the time of peace and crisis as well as during war. Hence the creation of special operations forces HQs and commands in many countries. While observing this processes, it can be assumed that currently the SOF are increasingly becoming independent.

12

Zaskoczenie strategiczne

Fryc M.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2004

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nr 2(55)

119-132

EN

Showing the idea of strategic surprise, the will to systemise it resulting from both theory and practice needs made the author answer the questions what surprise is and when we deal with it. What does it refer to and what range does it have? In what circumstances does it appear and what tendencies does it show for future? Finally, what gives surprise the strategic aspect and thus differentiates it in a special way? The author tries to find the answers to these questions in the theory of the art of war, both contemporary and past, in the present thoughts in business area, i.e. in theory of organisation and management, and also in contemporary development tendencies that draw a probable picture of the future world.

13

Planowanie strategiczne w myśl "twórczej destrukcji"

Fryc M.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2004

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nr 3(56)

152-159

EN

The author suggests that the scale and speed of changes taking place in the world force some revaluation in the strategic planning process in the area of security, defence and military issues. Therefore he proposes that the strategic planning process, which the most important, most urgent and most far-reaching for the state problems, defence system and the armed forces depend on, should be supported with the main theses of "creative destruction”. This innovatory management concept was created by R. Foster and S. Kaplan. This concepts recommends changing he current way of thinking as it stresses understanding the idea, character and importance of the “discontinuity" phenomenon in the future world and taking it into consideration in the strategic planning process. Moreover, it suggests noticing pew functioning possibilities and chances in the “discontinuity" and encourages to withdraw from the stiff framework and procedures of decision-making and to move in the direction that would enable freeing creative energy from the planning process participants.

14

Zobowiązania sojusznicze w NATO

Balcerowicz B.

Wiedza Obronna

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2000

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nr 1

22—32