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1

Military reconnaissance in the wars of the future : forecasted development directions

Wrzosek Marek

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2020

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Nr 2

105--124

EN

The article aims to present the forecast directions of military reconnaissance development in the future armed conflicts. It covers three main issues. First, the scenarios of future armed conflicts has been presented. Second, the changes in the way military operations affect the organization of the military reconnaissance system have been analyzed. Third, issues related to anticipated directions of military reconnaissance development have been presented. The experience gained during the military conflicts in Iraq and in Afghanistan was an illustration to the above.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono prognozowane kierunki rozwoju rozpoznania wojskowego w przyszłych konfliktach zbrojnych. Skoncentrowano się na trzech zasadniczych zagadnieniach: omówiono scenariusze wojen przyszłości stanowiące implikacje do zmian w strukturze systemu rozpoznania wojskowego, zwrócono uwagę na zmiany w sposobie prowadzenia działań militarnych wpływające na sposób organizacji systemu rozpoznania wojskowego oraz poruszono kwestie związane z prognozowanymi kierunkami rozwoju rozpoznania wojskowego. W artykule wykorzystano wnioski z doświadczeń zdobytych w czasie konfliktów militarnych w Iraku i w Afganistanie.

2

Działania psychologiczne w konfliktach nowego wieku

Wrzosek M.

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2016

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Nr 2

19--34

PL

Konflikty nowego wieku nie zawsze mają znamiona (cechy) typowego konfliktu. Wiele z nich rozpoczyna się bowiem długo przed faktycznym zainicjowaniem działań identyfikowanych jako starcie interesów. Szeroki kontekst konfliktu sprawia, że można rozpatrywać go jako zjawisko społeczne w różnych aspektach. Niemniej jednak z punktu widzenia bezpieczeństwa jest to proces, w którym państwo lub organizacja (sojusz, przymierze) dąży do osiągnięcia własnych celów drogą wyeliminowania, podporządkowania sobie, a niekiedy zniszczenia przeciwnika (eliminacja zagrożenia). W tym aspekcie działania psychologiczne stanowią część ogólnego procesu destabilizacji zaufania, systemu wartości oraz przekonań potencjalnych obiektów. Działania psychologiczne są zwykle podejmowane długo przed zasadniczą fazą konfliktu. Autor na wybranych przykładach dowodzi, jak istotnym elementem składowym współczesnych konfliktów są operacje informacyjne, a w ich trakcie - działania psychologiczne.

EN

Conflicts of the new century do not always have the characteristics of a typical conflict. Many of them start long before actual commencement of operations identified as conflict of interests. The wide context of a conflict makes it possible to look at it as a social phenomenon from various aspects. Nevertheless, as it comes to security, it is a process in which a state or an organization (alliance, union) strives to achieve its own goals by eliminating, subjugating, and sometimes destroying the enemy (elimination of a threat). In this aspect, psychological operations are a part of a general process of destabilizing the trust, value system and convictions of potential objects. Psychological operations are usually undertaken lang before the main phase of a conflict. The author, basing on selected examples, shows the significance of information operations, including psychological operations, as an element of current conflicts.

3

Cykl rozpoznawczy w procesie dowodzenia

Modrzejewski Z.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2012

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nr 2(87)

95-114

EN

The aim of the article is to present reconnaissance cycle conducted by specialist reconnaissance cells. Information operations require dealing with all accessible information, thus determining which information is essential, searching for missing pieces of information, processing it and distributing to the interested party. Update information is crucial on contemporary battlefield as the situation changes very dynamically. Therefore IT technologies are widely introduced to all basic information operations and the methods of working on information are constantly improved. It must be stressed that the lack of a precise beginning and end of particular stages are characteristic for the reconnaissance cycle. Thus all cycle stages are closely connected and they interpenetrate. Each cycle must be synchronized with decision-making process and is conditioned by the commander’s information needs. The reconnaissance cycle is carried out in peacetime, crisis and wartime.

4

Zgrywanie systemu rozpoznania na szczeblu operacyjnym SZ RP na bazie doświadczeń z ćwiczenia „ANAKONDA 2010”

Scheffs W.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2010

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nr 4(81)

363-374

EN

The coordination of reconnaissance system is a constant process. After the basic training period, each unit where reconnaissance systems operate should be assessed in reference to the coordination of its components. In further training periods, the activities assessing the coordination are repeated until the end of training is reached. A commander is responsible for the coordination on each level. Provisions in doctrinal documents explicitly show who is responsible for the coordination of warfare systems.The article describes exercise ANKONDA 2010 and features difficulties experienced by the team controlling the coordination of reconnaissance system on the highest level of command. The first part of the article contains a general analysis of doctrinal documents concerning problems of reconnaissance system coordination and shows discrepancies in documents and the necessity to elaborate more homogeneous documents and sometimes even devising new ones. The second part of the article presents remarks and propositions of an assessment chart for reconnaissance system coordination on an operational level. This attempt may be imperfect, the only one though.

5

Propaganda marketingowa, public relations czy public affairs jako element komunikacji strategicznej?

Kacała T.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2010

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nr 4(81)

350-362

EN

The information era threats pose a great challenge for modern societies’ functioning. They create an essential element shaping the character of current armed conflicts. Information operations play a special role in armed forces’ operations. However, the development of the mentioned above threats requires elaborating new solutions exceeding traditional perception of the operations in question. The concept that seems to fill in the loophole in information space is defined as strategic communication. The basic elements of this concept include information operations, public diplomacy, services rendered in the radio and television programmes area and public relations. The latter is interpreted in different ways and therefore the article shows various interpretations of this strategic communication component drawing special attention to such activities undertaken during crisis response.

6

Wykorzystanie obrazowych technik rozpoznawczych do wykrywania kamuflażu

Walczykowski P., Orych A., Dąbrowski R., Stachurski K.

Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji

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2010

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Vol. 21

425--435

PL

Człowiek od setek lat próbował się maskować w różnym celu. Na początku ukrywał się w ten sposób by zmylić potencjalne ofiary podczas polowań. Później maskowanie miało sprawić, że zniknie dla wzorku przeciwnika. Gdy wymyślono broń palną i dystans, na jakich toczyły się bitwy zwiększał się, zaczęto rezygnować z tradycyjnych mundurów w jaskrawych kolorach na rzecz takich, które bardziej przypominałyby otoczenie. Najistotniejsze na polu bitwy stało się, kto kogo pierwszy wykryje. Dziś mimo nasycenia współczesnego pola walki różnymi środkami rozpoznania kamuflaż nie traci na znaczeniu. Zwiększa się tylko zakres jego działania. Zakres ten już dawno przekroczył granice, w których działa ludzki wzrok. Powszechne stosowanie bliskiej podczerwieni, termowizji czy fal milimetrowych wyznacza nowe zadania dla projektantów kamuflażu. Pomocą zarówno dla tych, którzy tworzą nowe kamuflaże jak i dla tych tworzących instrumenty zdolne wykrywać zamaskowane obiekty są charakterystyki spektralne. Widmowe współczynniki odbicia są spektralnym odpowiednikiem odcisku palca. Każdy obiekt ma swoją unikatową charakterystykę spektralną. Różnice w tych charakterystykach dla różnych obiektów mogą być wystarczające do odróżnienia ich od siebie. W artykule przedstawiono metodykę wyróżniania obiektów maskowanych na podstawie charakterystyk spektralnych pozyskanych metodami teledetekcyjnymi. Do realizacji tego zadania pozyskano w laboratoriach Zakładu Teledetekcji i Fotogrametrii WAT obrazowania wielo- i hiperspektralne i następnie, na ich podstawie, wyznaczono widmowe współczynniki odbicia. Poprawnie uzyskane charakterystyki spektralne musiano poddać weryfikacji i analizie. Analiza porównawcza otrzymanych charakterystyk z charakterystykami wybranych elementów terenowych ma pomóc w doborze odpowiednich zakresów spektralnych, w których będzie największy kontrast pomiędzy pokryciem kamuflażowym, a tłem. Tak dobrane kanały zostały wykorzystane w wizualnej analizie pokryć maskujących.

EN

For hundreds of years man had been trying to camouflage himself for some reasons. At first, the aim was to confuse potential victims when hunting. Later, camouflage was to ensure that one will disappear from their opponents’ view.. With the invention of fire arms and the increasing distances over which battles were fought, the use of traditional uniforms in bright colors became less frequent, as they were replaced by such that imitated the surroundings. Spotting the opponent before they spotted you became the main priority on the battlefield. Nowadays, despite the abundance of different types of reconnaissance systems, camouflage is still very important. Only now, its range of applications has broadened. This range has long gone beyond the capabilities of the human eye. The use of near infrared, thermal vision or microwaves has set new challenges for camouflage designers. Spectral characteristics can be very helpful both for those creating new camouflage and those producing instruments able to detect camouflaged objects. The reflectance characteristics are the spectral equivalent of the human fingerprint. Each object has its unique spectral characteristic. The differences in these characteristics for different objects can be enough to distinguish them from one another. A method for extracting camouflaged objects based on their spectral characteristics obtained using remote sensing methods has been described in this article. In order to complete this task, a series of multi- and hyperspectral images had been acquired in the laboratories of the Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Department of the military University of Technology. Next, based on these images, reflectance characteristics were obtained. These spectral characteristics were then verified and analyzed. A comparative analysis of the characteristics obtained for chosen natural objects assist in selecting the optimal spectral bands in which the contrast between the camouflage and its background will be greatest. Such bands were then used in the visual analysis of camouflage.

7

Potrzeby w zakresie rozpoznania powietrznego na szczeblu batalionu ogólnowojskowego wojsk lądowych

Becmer D., Romanek A.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2009

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Nr 3

18-28

PL

Autorzy w swym opracowaniu poprzez analizę potrzeb informacyjnych dowódcy batalionu w zakresie rozpoznania powietrznego w podstawowych działaniach bojowych, tj. obronie i natarciu starają się wyróżnić grupę potrzeb, które mogłyby być zabezpieczone przez bezzałogowe statki latające (BSL). Ponadto na bazie analizy zastosowania BSL w Iraku i Afganistanie oraz na obszarze byłej Jugosławii przedstawiają zadania realizowane przez te środki w działaniach stabilizacyjnych i operacjach wsparcia pokoju.

8

Rozpoznanie w systemie wsparcia ogniowego

Polcikiewicz Z.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2008

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nr 1(70)

93-107

EN

Reconnaissance is on integral component of operations and one of determinants of fire support tasks accomplishment as the effectiveness of combating important elements of the enemy groups depends on how complete and how fast the information is acquired. Nonetheless, the reconnaissance task is not only to supply data about potential targets but also the effects evaluation of applied fire. Fire support reconnaissance should be capable of detecting enemy facilities (objects) in the whole range of the area of operation, on distances deeper than the area of fire responsibility. However, it is currently problematic due to the number and kinds of reconnaissance assets. Using reconnaissance Information for the artillery fire support needs depends on meeting numerous requirements, especially as far as data accuracy and liming are concerned. Accuracy determines the fire precision, achieving surprise, how much ammunition is supposed to be used and also the security of own forces. Other fire support effectiveness is data acquisition in proper time. The maximal time from detecting the target to sending Information about it to the firing post is to be shorter than the time of the target presence in a given area. The present reconnaissance system has limited possibilities to collect accurate, reliable and exact data about the enemy objects/facilities position, in particular those which are located deep in its group. This necessitates the introduction of structural and equipment solutions inside the whole reconnaissance system. The system development forecast should include complete automation of information gathering, storing, processing and distributing.

9

Rozpoznanie na rzecz ognia artylerii we współczesnych konfliktach zbrojnych

Świętochowski N.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2008

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nr 1(70)

108-116

EN

Artillery is still the basic fire support asset in contemporary operations. It must be used in a highly coordinated way with other fire support assets and fighting forces. It is also essential to acquire important and reliable information collected from various sources. Therefore, in recent armed conflicts there appears a tendency to implement more and more reconnaissance assets and integrate them within a single battlefield reconnaissance system, Artillery reconnaissance system becomes one of such a system components. Hence various assets (sensors), not necessarily organically located in artillery units, are used for artillery fire. The main kind of reconnaissance for close artillery fire in contemporary operations is still visual reconnaissance. Artillery observers have in their disposal specialist reconnaissance vehicles that allow moving freely in the supported forces’ group. Radiolocation reconnaissance was mainly applied to conduct reconnaissance of deep support fire in the Persian Gulf conflicts. It was effective to destroy the enemy active fire assets. Imagery surveillance by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) was a new kind of reconnaissance for artillery fire. In “Iraqi Freedom” operation it allowed detecting and destroying non-active fire assets. Moreover, special reconnaissance, personal one and seldom sound reconnaissance were used for artillery fire. The variety of applied reconnaissance systems, effective system of command, control and communication that allowed prompt sending information became the key to effective artillery use on contemporary battlefield.

10

Zarządzanie informacją rozpoznawczą na poziomie operacyjnym

Wrzosek M.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2006

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nr 1(62)

95-109

EN

Conditions of reconnaissance information management on the corps level were presented basing on the “Capable Warrior ” exercise. The exercise under discussion concerned the problems of planning and conducting operations on the multinational corps level in crisis response conditions with going to operations within high intensity armed conflict and conducting stabilization operation after the end of the conflict. In reconnaissance every activity requires information support, the quality of which often decides on the effectiveness of decision making as reconnaissance activities base on information that creates the staff and commander’s knowledge. In case of international corps, reconnaissance information management is conditioned by several organizational factors. They result from the command system structure, personnel and also particular users’ information needs. The advantages and disadvantages of solutions applied during the exercise concerning information resources management of an integrated reconnaissance team were shown in the article. New aspects of threat assessment and forecasting in the rear areas, information exchange for the deep operations planning needs and the necessity to use personnel reconnaissance were presented.

11

Natarcie i obrona w wawarunkach ograniczonej widoczności w konfliktach zbrojnych XX wieku

Jagiełło Z.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2004

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nr 3(56)A Numer specjalny

130-143

EN

The article presents the history of attack and defence in limited visibility conditions in military conflicts of the 20th century. The author showed the attack and defence in night in conditions, and also technical developments applied successfully in this kind of actions in the 20th century that influenced them. The final part of the article concentrates on psychological aspects on contemporary battlefield in limited visibility conditions.

12

Rozpoznanie powietrzne w operacjach połączonych

Kozub M.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2001

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nr 2(43)

49-68

EN

The vision of future joint operations stresses the importance of gaining and possessing information in all aspects of a future battlefield. Reaching a significant information advantage decides on the success of the fighting systems, particularly in joint operations. It is stressed that future reconnaissance operations must ensure the friendly forces protection, information support of the conducted operations and contribute to facilitate the "understanding" of decision making situation. It will be possible only due to thorough reconnaissance of the future joint operation's area reached with using integrated computer network sensors and by precise target localisation, tracking and pointing. The key information given in real time to the commanders of a certain operation area should ensure the correct course of drawing conclusions and planning. Information and conclusions (evaluation), supported with executive tools to conduct simulated fighting and operation in minimal time, that are joint operation component, allow to make a proper decision for a given situation.

13

Rozpoznanie wojsk przeciwnika na potrzeby działań psychologicznych

Podkowski A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2000

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nr 3(40)

82-92

EN

Psychological actions directed against troops and population during a military conflict are very important for the process of combat preparing and conducting. Psychological state of people participating in combat and those who are in a close or distant area of operation depends on many factors of both subjective character and non-man depending. Also the efficiency and effectiveness of psychological actions depend on various factors, the main tasks include recognising the enemy, gaining and collecting current and true information on the potential enemy’s soldiers and population concerning social, demographic and cultural aspects. The author proves that these statements are true by, on the one hand, presenting modern American opinions on the role of reconnaissance in psychological operations, on the other hand, by a certain historical reflection on the Russian Army experiences in this area during the Second World War. The main body of the article presents the concept of social-demographic and cultural reconnaissance for the Polish Armed Forces psychological operations needs.