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Implementation of intelligence and diplomatic tasks by the Military Attaché Office of the legation of the Republic of Poland in Berlin in 1928-1932

Zurawski D.

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

2018

Vol. 50, No. 4(190)

82--100

The article presents the origins and functioning of the Military Attaché Office in Berlin in the years 1928-1932 led by Lieutenant Colonel Witold Dzierzykraj-Morawski, who carried out the intelligence activities under the guise of a military diplomat. Within the scope of his operational activities, Lieutenant Colonel Morawski established contacts with other military attachés and gathered and transmitted in- formation on the country of residence in order to identify its military potential as well as internal and external political situation in the Weimar Republic. In his work, Lieutenant Colonel Morawski did not conduct intelligence activity of a purely operational nature, however, he managed to obtain a wide range of contacts for intelligence work, in which he used the meetings with military attachés of foreign countries, people from various circles from German pacifists and the Union of Poles in Germany as well as the environments related to the armaments industry. From 1929 to 1932 he expanded his activity to include open sources, i.e. the official press and announcements of the Ministry of the Reichswehr that gave him knowledge about the dates of the next maneuvers and detailed information about their course, which he received in a wider range from Japanese or Spanish military attachés. Moreover, he obtained information about the cooperation between Germany and the USSR, which was to serve to devalue contacts between the military attaché of Great Britain and the German military authorities. One of such information was obtained in 1931 from the military attaché of Sweden through the Finnish military attaché office. In spite of quite secretive action, in November 1931 he was accused of espionage and was expelled in March 1932. He also gave a lecture at the Center for Higher Military Studies in Warsaw (February 1932) where he presented the possible directions of attack of the German Army and the entire doctrine of combat activity of the Reichswehr.

100 lat polskiej dyplomacji wojskowej

Drab L.

Kwartalnik Bellona

2018

Nr 3

97--115

Dyplomację wojskową jako formę zewnętrznej reprezentacji interesów państw dostrzeżono około połowy XIX wieku. Z upływem czasu stała się ona wyspecjalizowaną dziedziną dyplomacji narodowej. Termin „dyplomacja wojskowa” integralnie jest związany z misją attaché wojskowego. Polscy dyplomaci w mundurach dołączyli do międzynarodowego grona attaché wojskowych dopiero w 1918 roku po odzyskaniu przez państwo niepodległości. Wojskową służbę dyplomatyczną II Rzeczypospolitej tworzono od podstaw. Brakowało rodzimych tradycji, wzorców organizacyjnych, narodowej praktyki. W Ministerstwie Spraw Wojskowych i Sztabie Generalnym Wojska Polskiego próżno było szukać doświadczonego personelu czy sprawdzonych procedur. Służba ta wymagała, oprócz doświadczenia i umiejętności zawodowych, także specyficznych kwalifikacji osobowościowych i dużego obycia towarzyskiego. W początkowym okresie odrodzonej państwowości polskiej wykorzystywano doświadczonych oficerów (generałów), którzy w przeszłości pełnili służbę w armiach zaborczych. W tym czasie wojskowe służby dyplomatyczne takich państw jak Francja, Wielka Brytania, Prusy, Austria, Rosja i Stany Zjednoczone były już dobrze zorganizowane i miały swoich przedstawicieli w większości liczących się państw na świecie.

Around the mid-nineteenth century military diplomacy was perceived as a form of external representation of the interests of states. Over time, it has become a specialized field of national diplomacy. The term “military diplomacy” is integrally associated with the mission of military attaché. In 1918 after regained its independence Polish diplomats in uniform joined to the international group of military attaché. The military diplomatic service during the interwar period in Poland was created from the beginning. There was a lack of native traditions, organizational patterns, and national practices. In the Ministry of Military Affairs and the General Staff of the Polish Army it was in vain to look for experienced personnel or tested procedures. Apart from experience and professional skills, this service required also specific personality qualifications and a great social experience. In the initial period of the reborn Polish state, experienced officers (generals), who in the past served in the partitioning countries were used. At that time, the military diplomatic services of such countries as France, Great Britain, Prussia, Austria, Russia and the United States were already well organized and had their representatives in the most important countries in the world.