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Military aeronautical charts in the past and today

Sobczyński E., Pietruszka J.

Polish Cartographical Review

2018

Vol. 50, No. 1

5--30

The history of the development of military aeronautical charts began immediately before the First World War. The first charts created at that time did not differ much from topographic maps. Air planes were fairly slow back then and had a small range of action, which meant that the charts were developed at the scale of 1:200,000. When speed of aircraft increased, it soon turned out that this scale was too large. Therefore, many countries began to create charts with smaller scales: 1:300,000 and 1:500,000. The International Map of the World 1:1,000,000 (IMW) was frequently used for continental flights prior to the outbreak of the Second World War, while 1:3,500,000 and 1:5,000,000 maps were commonly used for intercontinental flights. The Second World War brought a breakthrough in the field of aeronautical chart development, especially after 7 December 1941, when the USA entered into the war. The Americans created more than 6000 map sheets and published more than 100 million copies, which covered all continents. In their cartographic endeavours, they were aided foremost by the Brits. On the other hand, the Third Reich had more than 1,500 officers and about 15,000 soldiers and civil servants involved in the development of maps and other geographic publications during the Second World War. What is more, the Reich employed local cartographers and made use of local source materials in all the countries it occupied. The Germans introduced one new element to the aeronautical charts – the printed reference grid which made it easier to command its air force. The experience gained during the Second World War and local conflicts was for the United States an impulse to undertake work on the standardization of the development of aeronautical charts. Initially, standardization work concerned only aeronautical charts issued by the US, but after the establishment of NATO, standardization began to be applied to all countries entering the Alliance. The currently binding NATO STANAGs (Standardization Agreements) distinguish between operational charts and special low-flight charts. The charts are developed in the WGS-84 coordinate system, where the WGS-84 ellipsoid of rotation is the reference surface. The cylindrical transverse Mercator projection was used for the scale of 1:250,000, while the conformal conic projection was used for other scales. The first aeronautical charts issued at the beginning of the 20th century contained only a dozen or so special symbols concerning charts’ navigational content, whereas currently the number of symbols and abbreviations found on such charts exceeds one hundred. The updating documents are published every 28 days in order to ensure that aeronautical charts remain up-to-date between releases of their subsequent editions. It concerns foremost aerial obstacles and air traffic zones. The aeronautical charts published by NATO have scales between 1:50,000 and 1:500,000 and the printed Military Grid Reference System (MGRS), while the aeronautical charts at scales between 1:250,000 and 1:2,000,000 contain the World Geographic Reference System (GEOREF). Nowadays, modern military air planes are characterised by their exceptional combat capabilities in terms of speed, range and manoeuvrability. Aside from aircraft, contemporary armed forces make increasingly frequent use of aerial robots, drones and unmanned cruise missiles. This is why, there has been a noticeable increase, especially in NATO, in the amount of work devoted to the standardization and development of aeronautical charts, as well as deepening of knowledge of navigation and aeronautical information.

Wojskowe analogowe opracowania kartograficzne a potrzeby geoinformacyjne bezpieczeństwa i obronności państwa

Pietruszka J., Sobczyński E.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

2013

T. 45, nr 3

218--235

Autorzy dokonują analizy wykorzystania przez współczesne siły zbrojne analogowej i cyfrowej informacji geograficznej. Na tym tle przedstawiają analogowe opracowania kartograficzne, jakimi obecnie dysponuje Wojsko Polskie.

Today, engaging in military actions and operations in reaction to crisis requires the possession of detailed, precise, comprehensive and current information about the region. The necessity of possessing such information forced world powers and international organizations (UN, EU, NATO) to change their approach to obtaining and processing it. Satellite and aerial images became the dominant source of geographical (geospatial) data. A new intelligence method - geospatial intelligence - developed. Geospatial information is in demand not only among the military. In time, military technologies are released into civilian world. In the case of geospatial information this results in the development of geo-information web services. Military equipment, military command systems demand adequately processed geospatial information, mainly in the form of digital maps. In Poland, the first digital maps (V Map 0 and 1) were elaborated by military geographers, and the subsequent product-V Map L2 in collaboration with the civilian service. Military geography is engaged in the new international Multinational Geospatial Co-production Program. In this context, military analogue maps seem to be less and less in demand. Since World War II, global usage of paper military maps has considerably diminished (from hundreds of millions to several tens of thousands per single operation). However, this does not mean that paper maps have altogether been eliminated. All projects of digital geospatial databases provide for the existence of a 'cartographic solution', that is an automatic or partly automatic process of creating an analogue map. Since the year 2000, Military Geography has had at its disposal a full set of military analogue maps elaborated in accordance with NATO requirements and including characteristic features derived from the national experience, cartographic tradition and specific Polish needs. The main features of maps in the NATO standard are: usage of the WGS-84 coordinate system, UTM, UPS or Lambert secant conic projection, MGRS and GEOREF reference systems. Topographic and general military maps are elabora¬ted in the scale sequence of 1:25,000 to 1:1,000,000. On the basis of topographic and general maps, military special maps are elaborated (training area maps, road maps, and the like). To cater for the needs of higher command and their staff, military cartographers have elaborated a set of general geographic and political maps covering various regions of the Earth, but mainly regions of conflict (Middle East, Afghanistan, Korean Peninsula, etc.). Military aeronautical charts constitute a special group within analogue maps. Special aeronautical charts of LFC and TFC(L) series deserve special mention. They are published once a year at a specific date and updated through the ACHAD service in a 28-day cycle. The Hydrographic Office of the Polish Navy publishes nautical charts of the INT series for the region of the Baltic Sea and Baltic Straits which comply with the standards of the International Hydrographic Organization (I HO). Paper military maps are also used by civilian institutions. The potential of military geography, diminishing from year to year, may in the future inhibit keeping of such a large cartographic resource up to date. Higher engagement of civilian entities in the cartographic elaborations of Poland seems indispensible.