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1

Techniques of generating schedules for the problem of financial optimization of multi-stage project

Klimek Marcin

Applied Computer Science

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2019

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Vol. 15, no 1

18--35

EN

The article presents the problem of scheduling a resource-constrained project with discounted cash flow maximization from the perspective of a contractor. The contractor's expenses (cash outflows for the contractor) are associated with the execution of activities. The client's payments (cash inflows for the contractor) are performed after fulfilling the agreed project stages. The following techniques are suggested for solving the problem: the activity right-shift procedure, the backward scheduling with the optimization of completion dates for the agreed project stages and the modified triple justification technique. The effect of these techniques of generating schedules is illustrated for an exemplary project. Finally, an experimental analysis of the proposed procedures is presented.

2

Problem harmonogramowania płatności dla wieloetapowego projektu

Klimek M.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2018

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z. 131

209--225

PL

W pracy przedstawiony jest problem harmonogramowania wieloetapowego projektu z ograniczonymi zasobami z maksymalizacją zdyskontowanych przepływów pieniężnych z perspektywy wykonawcy z uwzględnieniem interesów klienta. Jako ujemne przepływy finansowe rozpatrywane są wydatki wykonawcy związane z realizacją czynności. Dodatnimi przepływami pieniężnymi są etapowe płatności klienta, wykonywane w wysokościach równych niezbędnym wydatkom wykonawcy ponoszonym w następnym etapie projektu. Wykonawca nie może realizować czynności, jeśli nie otrzyma środków finansowych od klienta. W pracy zilustrowany jest proponowany sposób ustalania etapowych rozliczeń między klientem a wykonawcą. Następnie zaprezentowana jest metoda generowania rozwiązań dedykowanych dla analizowanego problemu: technika justyfikacji uwzględniająca etapy projektu.

EN

The paper presents the problem of scheduling a multi-stage project with limited resources with the maximization of discounted cash flows from the perspective of the contractor, taking into account the client's interests. The contractor's expenses related to the execution of activities are considered as negative cash flows. The positive cash flows are staged client payments, made in amounts equal to the necessary expenses of the contractor incurred in the next stage of the project. The contractor may not execute activities if he does not receive funds from the client. The paper illustrates the proposed method of establishing staged settlements between the client and the contractor. Next, the method of generating solutions dedicated to the analyzed problem is presented: the justification technique taking into account the project stages.

3

Finansowa optymalizacja dla problemu harmonogramowania wieloetapowego projektu

Klimek M.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2017

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z. 105

137--152

PL

Artykuł przedstawia problem harmonogramowania projektu z ograniczonymi zasobami z maksymalizacją zdyskontowanych przepływów pieniężnych z perspektywy wykonawcy. Jako przepływy finansowe związane z projektem rozpatrywane są wydatki wykonawcy związane z wykonywaniem zadań i płatności klienta (wpływy dla wykonawcy) po zrealizowaniu umownych etapów prac. Do rozwiązania zagadnienia proponowane jest użycie zmodyfikowanej techniki justyfikacji uwzględniającej kamienie milowe projektu.

EN

The article presents the resource-constrained project scheduling problem with the maximisation of discounted cash flows from the contractor’s perspective. As the project’s cash flows contractor expenses (outflows) related to the execution of activities and client payments (inflows for contractor) for completed stages of the project are considered. To solve the problem, the proposed is modified justification technique taking into account milestones of the project.

4

Financial optimisation of the scheduling for the multi-stage project

Klimek M., Łebkowski P.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 6

899--908

EN

The paper analyses the problem of discounted cash flow maximising for the resource-constrained project scheduling from the project contractor’s perspective. Financial optimisation for the multi-stage project is considered. Cash outflows are the contactor’s expenses related to activity execution. Cash inflows are the client’s payments for the completed milestones. To solve the problem, the procedure of backward scheduling taking into account contractual milestones is proposed. The effectiveness of this procedure, as used to generate solutions for the simulated annealing algorithm, is verified with use of standard test instances with additionally defined cash flows and contractual milestones.

5

Priority algorithms for the problem of financial optimisation of a multi-stage project

Klimek M.

Applied Computer Science

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2017

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Vol. 13, no 4

20--34

EN

The article presents the problem of the financial optimisation of a multi-stage project from the contractor's perspective, where customer's payments are analysed as a cash inflow (contractor's revenues) after completing contractual stages and contractor's expenses incurred for the activities executed. In order to solve the problem, priority algorithms are proposed: single-pass and multi-pass ones, using different priority rules and tech-niques for generating solutions dedicated to the investigated optimisation model. The article presents a comparison of the effectiveness of individual algorithms in the case of adequately prepared test problems.

6

Kamienie milowe w historii lotnictwa wojskowego

Zieliński T.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Sił Powietrznych

|

2015

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Nr 4

67--80

PL

Lotnictwo wojskowe, stanowiące główny element sił powietrznych jest jednym z kluczowych komponentów sił zbrojnych w operacji połączonej. Jego ponad stuletnia historia obfituje w wiele wydarzeń, które wywierały decydujący wpływ nie tylko na jego rozwój, ale również historię w ogóle. Współcześnie, praktycznie wszystkie operacje związane z zaangażowaniem militarnym wymagają partycypacji lotnictwa wojskowego, a w niektórych przypadkach stanowi ono samodzielny komponent osiągający cele operacji. Artykuł prezentuje najważniejsze, zdaniem autora, wydarzenia określone jako kamienie milowe w historii lotnictwa wojskowego. Są to zdarzenia, teorie czy koncepcje, które przyczyniały się do rozwoju lotnictwa wojskowego, ale także wpływały na przebieg innych historycznych wydarzeń. Oczywiste jest, że dokonany wybór, to subiektywne podejście autora do problemu, a to zależy od samego badacza.

EN

Military aircraft, which are the main element of the Air Force is one of the key components of the armed forces in combined operations. Its more than a century old history is full of many events that had a decisive influence not only on its development, but also history in general. Today, virtually all operations connected with the involvement of the military forces require the participation of military aviation, and in some cases it is a separate component which accomplishes the objectives of the operation. The article presents the most important, according to the author, events defined as milestones in the history of military aviation. These events, theories or concepts not only contributed to the development of military aviation, but also influenced the course of other historical events. It is clear that the choice made is the author’s subjective approach to the problem, and it depends on the researcher.

7

Heuristics for project scheduling with discounted cash flows optimisation

Klimek M., Łebkowski P.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 3

613--622

EN

The article presents the resource-constrained project scheduling problem with the maximisation of discounted cash flows from the contractor’s perspective: with cash outflows related to starting individual activities and with cash inflows for completing project stages (milestones). The authors propose algorithms for improving a forward active schedule by iterative one-unit right shifts of activities, taking into account different resource flow networks. To illustrate the algorithms and problem, a numerical example is presented. Finally, the algorithms are tested using standard test problems with additionally defined cash flows and contractual milestones.

8

Chosen aspects of project management

Kania A., Spilka M., Griner S.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 2

388--394

EN

Purpose: In this article a problem of project management (PM) was presented. There was special attention given to objectives, scope of the project and project costs. Moreover, an analysis of project management in chosen organisation was made. Design/methodology/approach: The methodology of project management was shown. A problematic areas of project management (project quality, project risk, time and costs in a project) were discussed. Chosen stages of PM were practically checked in a selected organisation. Findings: In this paper an example of projects classification was presented. The features of project plan were proposed. The necessity of carrying out audits was presented. In the article a threats analysis and a time control were shown. Research limitations/implications: The fundamental purpose of a project management is to achieve success with a proposed budget and schedule. In this case quality, cost and time are the main parameters of the project, significant for the project realisation and evaluation of project results. Practical implications: In the paper practical directions of project planning, realisation and termination were presented. This makes possible minimization of project failures and a positive effect in a project realisation. Originality/value: The analysed PM process in the organisation allowed to know modern project management tools and techniques from a practical side. The realised project was finished with success because a working team had knowledge and experience in the project management.

9

A Two-Phase Algorithm for a Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problem with Discounted Cash Flows

Klimek M., Łebkowski P.

Decision Making in Manufacturing and Services

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2013

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Vol. 7, no. 1-2

51--68

EN

This paper presents a Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem (RCPSP) settled by contractual milestones. The criterion analysed here is the maximisation of aggregate discounted cash flows from the contractor´s perspective, known as an RCPSP problem with Discounted Cash Flows (RCPSPDCF). The cash flows analysed here cover the contractor´s cash outflows (negative cash flows), related to the commencement of individual activities, and cash inflows (positive cash flows) after the fulfilment of individual milestones. The authors propose a two-phase algorithm for solving the problem defined. In the first phase, the simulated annealing metaheuristics is used, designed to identify a forward schedule with as high total DCF as possible. In the second phase, the best first-phase schedule is improved by right shifts of activities. To this end, the procedure which iteratively shifts tasks by one unit is applied, with a view to maximising the objective function. Activity shifts take into consideration precedence and resource constraints, and they are performed for a specified resource allocation to activities. This paper also includes an analysis of the problem for a sample project. The results of computational experiments are then analysed. The experiments were run with the use of standard test problems from the Project Scheduling Problem LIBrary (PSPLIB), with additionally defined cash flows and contractual milestones.

10

Robustness of schedules for project scheduling problem with cash flow optimisation

Klimek M., Łebkowski P.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 4

1005--1015

EN

The paper presents the resource-constrained project scheduling with cash flow optimisation. New project models with bonuspenalty system and payoff in stages have been proposed. For the models presented, the application of proactive scheduling is analysed, as designed to improve project execution under uncertainty. Next, schedule robustness is discussed and measures of robustness are proposed.

11

Algorytm priorytetowy alokacji buforów dla problemu harmonogramowania projektu ze zdefiniowanymi kamieniami milowymi

Klimek M., Łebkowski P.

Logistyka

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2010

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nr 2

PL

Artykuł prezentuje model harmonogramowania projektu z ograniczoną dostępnością zasobów (ang. RCPSP - Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem) ze zdefiniowanymi terminami realizacji kamieni milowych projektu. Dla tego modelu proponowany jest priorytetowy algorytm alokacji buforów. Skuteczność opisanego algorytmu jest testowana przy użyciu zbioru instancji J30 i J90 z biblioteki PSPLIB (ang. Project Scheduling Problem LIBrary).

EN

This paper presents a model of the Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem (RCPSP) with defined terms of milestones achievement. For this model is proposed priority algorithm of buffer allocation. Effectiveness of described algorithm is tested using a set of J30 and J90 problem instances from the Project Scheduling Problem LIBrary (PSPLIB).

12

Robust buffer allocation for scheduling of a project with predefined milestones

Klimek M., Łebkowski P.

Decision Making in Manufacturing and Services

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2009

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Vol. 3, no. 1-2

49-72

EN

The paper discusses the problem of robust buffer allocation for Resource- Constrained Project Scheduling Problem (RCPSP) with predefined milestones(1) , for which execution deadlines have been established. To solve the problem, an algorithm is proposed supporting insertion of unit time buffers, with the simultaneous maximisation of new metrics of arrangement robustness. The presented results of experimental research speak for usability of the solutions proposed. The effectiveness is studied with use of test tasks(2) included in the Project Scheduling Problem Library (PSPLIB) with additionally specified project milestones.